GTC/CanariCam Deep Mid-infrared Imaging Survey of Northern Stars within 5 pc

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal Vol. 923; no. 1; pp. 119 - 142
• Main Authors: Gauza, Bartosz, Béjar, Víctor J. S., Rebolo, Rafael, Álvarez, Carlos, Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Bihain, Gabriel, Caballero, José A., Pinfield, David J., Telesco, Charles M., Packham, Christopher
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01.12.2021; IOP Publishing
• Subjects: Astrophysics; Brown dwarf stars; Brown dwarfs; Confidence intervals; Deuterium; Direct imaging; Effective temperatures; Extrasolar gaseous giant planets; Infrared imaging; Low mass stars; Polls & surveys; Solar neighborhood; Stellar systems; Substellar companion stars
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac2c0a

Abstract In this work we present the results of a direct imaging survey for brown dwarf companions around the nearest stars at the mid-infrared 10 micron range ( λ c = 8.7 μ m, Δ λ = 1.1 μ m) using the CanariCam instrument on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). We imaged the 25 nearest stellar systems within 5 pc of the Sun at declinations δ > −25° (at least half have planets from radial-velocity studies), reaching a mean detection limit of 11.3 ± 0.2 mag (1.5 mJy) in the Si-2 8.7 μ m band over a range of angular separations from 1″ to 10″. This would have allowed us to uncover substellar companions at projected orbital separations between ∼2 and 50 au, with effective temperatures down to 600 K and masses greater than 30 M Jup assuming an average age of 5 Gyr and masses down to the deuterium-burning mass limit for objects with ages <1 Gyr. From the nondetection of such companions, we determined upper limits on their occurrence rate at depths and orbital separations yet unexplored by deep imaging programs. For the M dwarfs, the main component of our sample, we found with a 90% confidence level that fewer than 20% of these low-mass stars have L- and T-type brown dwarf companions with m ≳ 30 M Jup and T eff ≳ 600 K at ∼3.5–35 au projected orbital separations.