Brain death determination in patients with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic study to address the Harlequin syndrome

• Published in: Journal of critical care Vol. 81; p. 154545
• Main Authors: Salih, Farid, Lambeck, Johann, Günther, Albrecht, Ferse, Caroline, Hoffmann, Olaf, Dimitriadis, Konstantinos, Finn, Andre, Brandt, Stephan A., Hotter, Benjamin, Masuhr, Florian, Schreiber, Stephan, Weissinger, Florian, Rocco, Andrea, Schneider, Hauke, Niesen, Wolf-Dirk
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.06.2024; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Apnea testing; Arterial blood gas; Arterial lines; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CPR; Critical care; ECMO; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - methods; Female; Flushing; Harlequin syndrome; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypohidrosis; Male; Middle Aged; Patients; Traumatic brain injury; Veins & arteries; Ventilators; ECMO; Arterial blood gas; Apnea testing; Harlequin syndrome; Brain death
• ISSN: 0883-9441; 1557-8615; 1557-8615
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2024.154545

The Harlequin syndrome may occur in patients treated with venoarterial extracorporal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), in whom blood from the left ventricle and the ECMO system supply different parts of the body with different paCO2-levels. The purpose of this study was to compare two variants of paCO2-analysis to account for the Harlequin syndrome during apnea testing (AT) in brain death (BD) determination. Twenty-seven patients (median age 48 years, 26–76 years; male n = 19) with VA-ECMO treatment were included who underwent BD determination. In variant 1, simultaneous arterial blood gas (ABG) samples were drawn from the right and the left radial artery. In variant 2, simultaneous ABG samples were drawn from the right radial artery and the postoxygenator ECMO circuit. Differences in paCO2-levels were analysed for both variants. At the start of AT, median paCO2-difference between right and left radial artery (variant 1) was 0.90 mmHg (95%-confidence intervall [CI]: 0.7–1.3 mmHg). Median paCO2-difference between right radial artery and postoxygenator ECMO circuit (variant 2) was 3.3 mmHg (95%-CI: 1.5–6.0 mmHg) and thereby significantly higher compared to variant 1 (p = 0.001). At the end of AT, paCO2-difference according to variant 1 remained unchanged with 1.1 mmHg (95%-CI: 0.9–1.8 mmHg). In contrast, paCO2-difference according to variant 2 increased to 9.9 mmHg (95%-CI: 3.5–19.2 mmHg; p = 0.002). Simultaneous paCO2-analysis from right and left distal arterial lines is the method of choice to reduce the risk of adverse effects (e.g. severe respiratory acidosis) while performing AT in VA-ECMO patients during BD determination.