The vacuolization of macrophages induced by large amounts of inorganic nanoparticle uptake to enhance the immune response
Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide (IO) and gold (Au) NPs, are widely used in a variety of biomedical applications, such as diagnosis and cancer therapy. As an important component of host defense in organisms, macrophages play a crucial role in responding to foreign substances, s...
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Published in | Nanoscale Vol. 11; no. 47; pp. 22849 - 22859 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
Royal Society of Chemistry
21.12.2019
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide (IO) and gold (Au) NPs, are widely used in a variety of biomedical applications, such as diagnosis and cancer therapy. As an important component of host defense in organisms, macrophages play a crucial role in responding to foreign substances, such as nanoparticles. Thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the nanotoxicity effects on the immune system by investigating the influences of such nanoparticles. In this study, we found that macrophages can take up large amounts of amphiphilic polymer (PMA)-modified Au and IO NPs, which will induce macrophage cell vacuolization and enhance macrophage polarization. This mechanism is an essential part of the immune response
in vivo
. In addition, we report that smaller-sized nanoparticles (
ca.
4 nm) show more significant effects on the macrophage polarization and caused lysosomal damage compared to larger nanoparticles (
ca.
14 nm). Moreover, the amount of NP uptake in macrophages decreases upon trapping the PMA with PEG, resulting in reduced vacuolization and a reduced immune response. We hypothesize that vacuoles are formed in large amounts during NP uptake by macrophages, which enhances the immune response and induces macrophages toward M1 polarization. These findings are potentially useful for disease treatment and understanding the immune response when NPs are used
in vitro
and
in vivo
.
The vacuolization induced by PMA-coated NPs enhanced the immune response towards M1 polarization and caused lysosomal damage. |
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Bibliography: | Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI 10.1039/c9nr08261a ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
ISSN: | 2040-3364 2040-3372 |
DOI: | 10.1039/c9nr08261a |