Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment – Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation technologies using performance data from 220 large scale projects

• Published in: Solar energy Vol. 154; pp. 14 - 33
• Main Authors: Santamouris, M., Ding, L., Fiorito, F., Oldfield, P., Osmond, Paul, Paolini, R., Prasad, D., Synnefa, A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Elsevier Ltd 15.09.2017; Pergamon Press Inc
• Subjects: Air temperature; Ambient temperature; Built environment; Climate change; Cool materials; Cooling; Earth to air heat exchangers; Energy consumption; Evaporative technologies; Global climate; Green buildings; Green roofs; Heat exchangers; Mathematical analysis; Mitigation technologies; Passive cooling; Rehabilitation; Roofs; Solar energy; Sprinklers; Studies; Temperature effects; Urban areas; Urban environments; Urban greenery; Urban heat island; Urban heat islands; Cool materials; Passive cooling; Evaporative technologies; Urban greenery; Earth to air heat exchangers; Mitigation technologies; Urban heat island
• ISSN: 0038-092X; 1471-1257
• DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.006

•The average peak temperature drop from mitigation techniques is close to 2K.•The decrease of the average ambient temperature is close to 0.74K.•Almost 31% of the projects resulted in a peak temperature drop below 1K and 62% below 2K. Local and global climate change increases the ambient temperature of cities by several degrees with important consequences on energy consumption, health and the economy. Advanced urban mitigation technologies contribute to decrease the ambient temperature and counterbalance the impact of urban heat islands. The present paper analyses and presents in a comparative way the mitigation potential of the known mitigation technologies using performance data from about 220 real scale urban rehabilitation projects. The average and peak temperature drop of reflective technologies, greenery, evaporative systems, earth to air heat exchangers and their combinations is calculated and presented. The mitigation potential of the main systems like cool roofs, cool pavements, green roofs, urban trees, pools and ponds, sprinklers, fountains, and evaporative towers, is analysed. It is found that the potential of the main mitigation technologies is considerable and can counterbalance UHI effects partly or fully. The average peak temperature drop calculated for all projects is close to 2K, while the corresponding decrease of the average ambient temperature is close to 0.74K. Almost 31% of the analysed projects resulted in a peak temperature drop below 1K, 62% below 2K, 82% below 3K and 90% below 4K.