Does the frequency of stochastic convergence in per capita ecological footprint matter?

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 30; no. 21; pp. 59676 - 59688
• Main Authors: Yilanci, Veli, Abbas, Shujaat
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.05.2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Basic converters; Brazil; Carbon Dioxide - analysis; Convergence; Decomposition; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecological effects; Ecological footprint; Economic Development; Ecotoxicology; Empirical analysis; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental economics; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Footprint analysis; India; Research Article; South Africa; Stochasticity; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Wavelet transforms; Brazil; South Africa; India; Stochastic convergence; Ecological footprint; BASIC countries; Wavelet decomposition
• ISSN: 1614-7499; 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26688-w

Among the environmental economics research issues, the issue of convergence has received quite a lot of attention, which is also known as stationary analysis. In this research strand, whether shocks to the time series variable are permanent or temporary is tested via the unit root tests. In this study, based on the theory and empirical works of stochastic convergence, we evaluate the convergence for the BASIC member countries, including Brazil, South Africa, India, and China. We use a variety of methodologies to see whether the convergence of ecological footprint holds for these countries or not. We first use the wavelet decomposition technique to decompose the series into the short run, middle run, and long run, and then we run several unit root tests to confirm the stationarity property of the series. The methodologies implemented in this study allow us to apply econometric tests to the original series as well as to the decomposed series. The results of panel CIPS test demonstrate that the null hypothesis of unit root could be rejected for the short run but not for the middle and long run, implying that long-lasting impact might prevail due to any shocks to the ecological footprint in the middle and long run. The results for individual countries varied.