Commercial complementary food use amongst European infants and children: results from the EU Childhood Obesity Project

• Published in: European journal of nutrition Vol. 59; no. 4; pp. 1679 - 1692
• Main Authors: Theurich, Melissa A., Zaragoza-Jordana, Marta, Luque, Veronica, Gruszfeld, Dariusz, Gradowska, Kinga, Xhonneux, Annick, Riva, Enrica, Verduci, Elvira, Poncelet, Pascale, Damianidi, Louiza, Koletzko, Berthold, Grote, Veit
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.06.2020; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Age; Baby foods; Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Child development; Children; Cohort Studies; Diet - methods; Energy Intake; Europe; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food - statistics & numerical data; Infant Formula - statistics & numerical data; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology; Infants; Male; Nutrition; Obesity; Original Contribution; Pediatric Obesity - prevention & control; Socioeconomic Factors; Europe; Poland; Italy; Spain; Complementary feeding; Commercial complementary foods; Baby foods; Europe; Sugar
• ISSN: 1436-6207; 1436-6215
• DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02023-3

Purpose The objective of this secondary analysis is to describe the types of commercial complementary foods (CCF) consumed by infants and young children enrolled in the European Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP), to describe the contribution of CCF to dietary energy intakes and to determine factors associated with CCF use over the first 2 years of life. Methods The CHOP trial is a multicenter intervention trial in Germany, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Spain that tested the effect of varying levels of protein in infant formula on the risk for childhood obesity. Infants were recruited from October 2002 to June 2004. Dietary data on CCF use for this secondary analysis were taken from weighted, 3-day dietary records from 1088 infants at 9 time points over the first 2 years of life. Results Reported energy intakes from CCF during infancy (4–9 months) was significantly higher ( p  ≤ 0.002) amongst formula-fed children compared to breastfed children. Sweetened CCF intakes were significantly higher ( p  ≤ 0.009) amongst formula-fed infants. Female infants were fed significantly less CCF and infant age was strongly associated with daily CCF intakes, peaking at 9 months of age. Infants from families with middle- and high-level of education were fed significantly less quantities of CCF compared to infants with parents with lower education. Sweetened CCF were very common in Spain, Italy and Poland, with over 95% of infants and children fed CCF at 9 and 12 months of age consuming at least one sweetened CCF. At 24 months of age, 68% of the CHOP cohort were still fed CCF. Conclusions CCF comprised a substantial part of the diets of this cohort of European infants and young children. The proportion of infants being fed sweetened CCF is concerning. More studies on the quality of commercial complementary foods in Europe are warranted, including market surveys on the saturation of the Western European market with sweetened CCF products.