Human milk cholesterol is associated with lactation stage and maternal plasma cholesterol in Chinese populations

• Published in: Pediatric research Vol. 91; no. 4; pp. 970 - 976
• Main Authors: Yang, Zhenyu, Jiang, Rulan, Li, Hong, Wang, Jie, Duan, Yifan, Pang, Xuehong, Jiang, Shan, Bi, Ye, Zhang, Huanmei, Wang, Shuxia, Lönnerdal, Bo, Lai, Jianqiang, Yin, Shian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Nature Publishing Group US 01.03.2022; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: Breastfeeding & lactation; China; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Colostrum; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Lactation; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Milk, Human; Pediatric Surgery; Pediatrics; Plasma; Population Study Article; Pregnancy; China
• ISSN: 0031-3998; 1530-0447
• DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01440-7

Background Milk cholesterol concentrations throughout lactation were analyzed, and the relationship between maternal plasma cholesterol and milk cholesterol in various Chinese populations was examined. Methods A sub-sample of 1138 lactating women was randomly selected from a large cross-sectional study in China ( n  = 6481). Milk cholesterol concentrations were determined by HPLC, and concentrations of maternal plasma lipids were determined by an automated biochemical analyzer. Results The mean cholesterol concentrations were 200, 171, and 126 mg/L for colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively. Cholesterol concentrations differed significantly between stages of lactation (colostrum vs. transitional milk, colostrum vs. mature milk, transitional milk vs. mature milk, all p  < 0.001). Concentrations of maternal plasma total cholesterol (TC) ( p  = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ( p  = 0.03) were significantly associated with milk cholesterol. Milk cholesterol concentrations varied among different ethnicities (Tibetan vs. Hui: 164 vs. 131 mg/L, p  = 0.027) but not among different geographic regions. Conclusions The concentration of cholesterol in human milk changes dynamically throughout lactation. Milk cholesterol concentrations are significantly associated with maternal plasma concentrations of TC and LDL-C, and milk cholesterol concentrations vary across ethnicities in China. Impact Concentrations of milk cholesterol were measured in various Chinese populations. Cholesterol concentrations differ significantly between stages of lactation. Maternal plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with milk cholesterol. Milk cholesterol concentrations vary across ethnicities in China.