Alternatives to Conventional Antibiotic Therapy: Potential Therapeutic Strategies of Combating Antimicrobial-Resistance and Biofilm-Related Infections

• Published in: Molecular biotechnology Vol. 63; no. 12; pp. 1103 - 1124
• Main Authors: Xu, Qian, Hu, Xuefeng, Wang, Yunbing
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.12.2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Ammonium; Ammonium compounds; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Antimicrobial peptides; Antimicrobial Peptides - pharmacology; Antimicrobial Peptides - therapeutic use; Antimicrobial resistance; Bacteria; Bacteria - drug effects; Bacteria - metabolism; Bacterial Infections - microbiology; Bacterial Infections - therapy; Biochemistry; Biofilms; Biofilms - drug effects; Biological Techniques; Biotechnology; Cell Biology; Chemical compounds; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Chitosan; Drug resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial - drug effects; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix - drug effects; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix - metabolism; Gene expression; Human Genetics; Humans; Hydrogels; Infections; Metal Nanoparticles - therapeutic use; Multidrug resistance; Nanoparticles; Peptides; Phage Therapy; Phages; Pharmacology; Protein Science; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - pharmacology; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - therapeutic use; Quaternary ammonium salts; Review; Infection; Biofilm; Bacteria; Antibiotics; AMR; Therapeutic strategies
• ISSN: 1073-6085; 1559-0305
• DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00371-2

Antibiotics have been denoted as the orthodox therapeutic agents for fighting bacteria-related infections in clinical practices for decades. Nevertheless, overuse of antibiotics has led to the upsurge of species with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or multi-drug resistance. Bacteria can also grow into the biofilm, which accounts for at least two-thirds of infections. Distinct gene expression and self-produced heterogeneous hydrated extracellular polymeric substance matrix architecture of biofilm contribute to their tolerance and externally manifest as antibiotic resistance. In this review, the difficulties in combating biofilm formation and AMR are introduced, and novel alternatives to antibiotics such as metal nanoparticles and quaternary ammonium compounds, chitosan and its derivatives, antimicrobial peptides, stimuli-responsive materials, phage therapy and other therapeutic strategies, from compounds to hydrogel, from inorganic to biological, are discussed. We expect to provide useful information for the readers who are seeking for solutions to the problem of AMR and biofilm-related infections.