Detection of hypokalemia disorder and its relation with hypercalcemia in blood serum using LIBS technique for patients of colorectal cancer grade I and grade II

• Published in: Lasers in medical science Vol. 37; no. 2; pp. 1081 - 1093
• Main Authors: Emara, Elshaimaa M., Song, Haiying, Imam, Hisham, Elwekeel, Wael M., Gao, Xun, Mohammed, Mostafa M., Liu, Shibing
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Springer London 01.03.2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Abnormalities; Cancer; Colorectal cancer; Colorectal carcinoma; Colorectal Neoplasms - complications; Dentistry; Electrolytes; Glass substrates; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hypercalcemia - complications; Hypercalcemia - metabolism; Hyperkalemia; Hypocalcemia - complications; Hypocalcemia - metabolism; Hypokalemia; Hypokalemia - complications; Hypokalemia - metabolism; Hyponatremia; Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; Lasers; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Optical Devices; Optics; Original Article; Photonics; Potassium; Quantum Optics; Serum - metabolism; Spectroscopy; Spectrum Analysis; Tumors; Colorectal cancer; Glass; Hypokalemia; Electrolytes; Blood serum; LIBS; Potassium
• ISSN: 0268-8921; 1435-604X
• DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03355-5

Cancer continues to be the most dangerous disease around the world; it causes electrolyte imbalance as well as metabolic changes. There is a complicated relationship between electrolyte disorder and cancer. Cancer patients commonly pass with abnormalities in serum electrolyte levels such as hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and hypercalcemia. So, these electrolyte imbalances indicate the existence of paraneoplastic processes and help come to a more informed prognosis. Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration below 3.5 mmol/L and it is the second common electrolyte imbalance seen in patients with malignant diseases. In this paper, the contribution of serum potassium concentration to tumor progression was studied by applying a promising and non-invasive technique called laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). It was found that there is a correlation between hypokalemia and the colorectal cancer problem. Also, significant serum potassium concentration differences were detected among two different stages of the same cancer and also between two groups of the same stage of a cancer held in common but one of them suffers from hypercalcemia. In addition, the optimum conditions of LIBS setup were arranged such that it will be suitable to work with serum samples on glass substrate.