A State-of-the-Art Review of Retrofit Interventions in Low-Emission School Buildings Located in Cool Temperate Climates

The refurbishment of school buildings offers the opportunity to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, which positively influences reductions in environmental impact. It is also important to remember to maintain or enhance the comfort of the users of such buildings. This paper presents a sy...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inBuildings (Basel) Vol. 15; no. 10; p. 1620
Main Author Kaczmarek, Andrzej
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.05.2025
Subjects
Building automation
Buildings
Carbon
carbon neutrality
Climate
Climate change
Construction industry
Cost control
COVID-19
Eastern Europe
Emission standards
Emissions
Energy conservation
Energy consumption
Energy efficiency
Energy management
energy-saving equipment and technologies
Environmental engineering
Environmental impact
Germany
Green buildings
Green technology
Heat
Indoor air quality
Lighting
literature review
Literature reviews
low-emission schools
Pandemics
Poland
Public buildings
Refurbishment
Retrofitting
School buildings
Schools
State-of-the-art reviews
United Kingdom
Ventilation
zero-carbon building
Poland
United Kingdom
Eastern Europe
Germany
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Summary:The refurbishment of school buildings offers the opportunity to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, which positively influences reductions in environmental impact. It is also important to remember to maintain or enhance the comfort of the users of such buildings. This paper presents a systematic review of the state of the art of current trends and low-carbon technical, operational, and behavioural methods used in the refurbishment of school buildings in cool temperate climates. This subject matter is positioned at the interface of architecture and environmental engineering. This study identifies the most commonly used active and passive refurbishment methods, as well as the research gaps and problems of applied solutions, and demonstrates the most likely and cost-effective optimisation directions in existing schools. The article also considers the issue of innovative technologies, the increasing impact of climate change, and the impact of less predictable phenomena, such as the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its huge impact on school buildings.
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ISSN:2075-5309
2075-5309
DOI:10.3390/buildings15101620