Microfossils and molecular records in oil shales of the Songliao Basin and implications for paleo-depositional environment

• Published in: Science China. Earth sciences Vol. 52; no. 10; pp. 1559 - 1571
• Main Authors: Feng, ZiHui, Fang, Wei, Wang, Xue, Huang, ChunYan, Huo, QiuLi, Zhang, JuHe, Huang, QingHua, Zhang, Lei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Heidelberg SP Science in China Press 01.10.2009; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: alga; Basin; Brackish; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; event; fossil; Fossils; Geochemistry; Geological time; micro-fossil; molecular; oil; Oil shale; Paleoecology; shale; Songliao; thrive; alga thrive event; micro-fossil; molecular fossil; Songliao Basin; oil shale
• ISSN: 1674-7313; 1006-9313; 1869-1897; 1862-2801
• DOI: 10.1007/s11430-009-0121-0

Several oil shale beds, over 10 m thick, occur at the base of the first member of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) in the Songliao Basin. They act both as excellent source rocks for conventional oil and as potential oil deposit for shale oil production. Here we combine micropaleon-tology with organic geochemistry to investigate the paleo-depositional environment and organic source characteristics of the oil shales and black shales. Our results indicate that algal remains are dominant microfossils in K2qn1 oil shales, and their relatively high abundance suggests a major algal thriving event during the oil shale deposition. The presence of fresh water and brackish water species, Sentusidinium, Vesperopsis and Nyktericysta, and marine or brackish water deltaic and lagoonal species such as Kiokansium and Dinogymniopsis demonstrate that this paleo-continental lake was influenced by marine transgressions at the time of K2qn1 oil shale formation. The extremely low pristine/phytane ratios, relatively high abundance of gammacerane and 4-methyl steranes, and low δ 13C values of C14-C37 n-alkanes in the oil shale organic extracts indicate the deposition of oil shales in anoxic and highly stratified water columns and the significant contribution of lacustrine algae to sedimentary organic matter. High molecular-weight paraffinic hydrocarbons with unusually high abundance of nC43, nC45, and nC47 may be related to special algal species associated with marine transgression events. The giant water body of Songliao paleo-lake and the change in the organic and chemical environment (such as nutrition source and water column salinity) associated with seawater transgression into the lake are among the most important reasons for oil shales in the Songliao Basin being different from mudstone and oil shale in other rifted basins.