Autoimmune thyroid diseases after 25 years of universal salt iodisation: an epidemiological study of Chinese adults in areas with different water iodine levels

• Published in: British journal of nutrition Vol. 124; no. 8; pp. 853 - 864
• Main Authors: Wan, Siyuan, Qu, Mengying, Wu, Huaiyong, Ren, Bingxuan, Jiang, Wen, Wang, Xiaoming, Liu, Lixiang, Shen, Hongmei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 28.10.2020
• Subjects: Adult; Adults; Antibodies; Autoimmune diseases; China - epidemiology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Surveys and Nutritional Epidemiology; Drinking water; Epidemiology; Female; Hormones; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine - analysis; Iodine - deficiency; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Nutrition; Nutritional Status; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Salt; Salts; Sample size; Sodium Chloride, Dietary - analysis; Surveillance; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid; Thyroid diseases; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid gland; Thyroid hormones; Thyroid-stimulating hormone; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune - epidemiology; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune - prevention & control; Thyrotropin - blood; Thyroxine; Thyroxine - blood; Triiodothyronine; Urine; Water - analysis; Water shortages; Water supply; Water Supply - methods; China; Iodine fortification; Thyroid autoimmunity; Adults; Urinary iodine; Serum iodine
• ISSN: 0007-1145; 1475-2662
• DOI: 10.1017/S0007114520001786

The present study aimed to evaluate the status of iodine nutrition and thyroid function in adults, to understand the distribution of thyroid disease in people with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in different water iodine areas and to explore the relationship between serum iodine, urine iodine and thyroid function in people with AITD. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in areas of Shandong Province with different water iodine levels, and subsequently 1225 adults were enrolled from iodine-deficient (ID), iodine-adequate (IA) and iodine-excess (IE) areas. Urinary iodine, water iodine, salt iodine, serum iodine and thyroid function were measured. According to the urine iodine concentration, the ID and IA areas were defined as iodine sufficient and the IE area as iodine excessive. Urine iodine, serum iodine, free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were comparatively higher in the IE area. The positive rate of thyroglobulin antibody (19·1 %) and the prevalence of AITD (21·8 %) were higher in the ID areas; the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was lowest in the ID areas (7·3 %) and highest in the IE area (16·3 %). Among the AITD population, urinary iodine concentration, free triiodothyronine, FT4 and TSH had a non-linear correlation with serum iodine; abnormal TSH level, serum iodine concentration > 110 µg/l and goitre were risk factors for AITD in adults, especially females. Our data collectively suggest that universal salt iodisation has improved the iodine nutritional status of the population in ID areas in China. Non-step-by-step iodine fortification may induce the transformation of thyroid autoimmune diseases from recessive-to-dominant in susceptible people. Moreover, enhanced monitoring of thyroid function in people with AITD is important.