Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for a sustainable future: recent advancements
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as power storage systems in electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Recycling of spent LIBs is of utmost importance from various perspectives including recovery of valuable metals (mostly Co and Li) and mitigation of environmental pollution. Recyc...
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| Published in | Chemical Society reviews Vol. 53; no. 11; pp. 5552 - 5592 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Royal Society of Chemistry
04.06.2024
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as power storage systems in electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Recycling of spent LIBs is of utmost importance from various perspectives including recovery of valuable metals (mostly Co and Li) and mitigation of environmental pollution. Recycling methods such as direct recycling, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, bio-hydrometallurgy (bioleaching) and electrometallurgy are generally used to resynthesise LIBs. These methods have their own benefits and drawbacks. This manuscript provides a critical review of recent advances in the recycling of spent LIBs, including the development of recycling processes, identification of the products obtained from recycling, and the effects of recycling methods on environmental burdens. Insights into chemical reactions, thermodynamics, kinetics, and the influence of operating parameters of each recycling technology are provided. The sustainability of recycling technologies (
e.g.
, life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis) is critically evaluated. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects are presented for further development of sustainable, highly efficient, and environmentally benign recycling of spent LIBs to contribute to the circular economy.
A critical review of the recent developments in the recycling of spent Li-ion batteries using five major technologies (direct recycling, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, bioleaching and electrometallurgy) and evaluation of their sustainability. |
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| Bibliography: | Rajasekhar Balasubramanian is Keppel Professor in Sustainability Solutions (Endowed Professorship) at NUS. He received his PhD in Atmospheric Chemistry from the University of Miami, USA, in 1991. His main research interests include air quality, climate change, and environmental sustainability. He has authored more than 250 refereed articles, which are highly cited. In recognition of his outstanding contributions in Environmental Science & Engineering, he has been honored with numerous awards including the Alan Berman Research Publication Award from the US Department of Navy (2014), Sustainable Technology Award (2015), etc. He is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (2021). Dr Bei Zhang received his PhD degree in Environmental Engineering from Shandong University, China, in 2019 with the guidance of Prof. Yujiang Li. He then joined Prof. Rajasekhar Balasubramanian's group as a Research Fellow at the National University of Singapore, Singapore. In 2021, he began his research at the Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) as a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow in the group led by Prof. Manabu Fujii. His major research interests include thermal transformation of biomass to high-value-added materials and their environmental applications, including adsorption and advanced oxidation processes for the removal of emerging contaminants. Dr Biswal is presently working as a Senior Research Fellow at the National University of Singapore (NUS). He obtained his PhD from McGill University, Canada in 2014. Post-PhD, he carried out his independent research at Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, and now at NUS. He has published 43 papers in top scientific journals and 3 book chapters in reputed publishers. Dr Biswal is an Environmental Biotechnologist with expertise in topics related to antimicrobial resistance genes, biological nitrogen removal, nature-based solutions, environmental sustainability, and spent Lithium-ion battery recycling. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs00898c Jingjing Zhang obtained her Master of Science degree in 2020 from Hunan University, China. Currently, she is pursuing her doctoral studies under the mentorship of Professor Rajasekhar Balasubramanian at the National University of Singapore (NUS). Presently, Jingjing focuses on two crucial areas. The first is centered around advancing the recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries, contributing to the sustainable management of this critical energy storage technology. Her second research domain involves the synthesis, design, and practical applications of nanostructured semiconductors, primarily for photocatalytic environmental purification. Jingjing's work aims to addressing pressing environmental challenges through cutting-edge nanomaterials and sustainable energy technologies. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI Dr Phuong Tran is currently working as a Research Fellow in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the National University of Singapore (NUS). She completed her PhD under the supervision of Prof. Rajasekhar Balasubramanian from NUS in 2022. Her research interest mainly focuses on assessing indoor and outdoor air quality, investigating sustainable urban development and life cycle assessment (LCA), and conducting environmental and health risk assessments. ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 |
| ISSN: | 0306-0012 1460-4744 |
| DOI: | 10.1039/d3cs00898c |