Gender Equality, Human Development, and PISA Results over Time

Gender equality through the empowerment, representation, and provision of equal opportunities for all, regardless of gender, is increasingly recognised as a driver of social outcomes and a fundamental human right. This study explores the longitudinal (2006–2018) relationship between gender equality,...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inSocial sciences (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 12; p. 480
Main Authors Campbell, Janine Anne, McIntyre, Joseph, Kucirkova, Natalia
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.12.2021
Subjects
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Economic development
Economic indicators
Education
Employment
Empowerment
Equality
Foreign students
GDP
gender equality
Gender equity
Gender inequality
Gender relations
Gross Domestic Product
human development
Human Development Index
Inequality
longitudinal research
PISA
Social structure
Women
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Summary:Gender equality through the empowerment, representation, and provision of equal opportunities for all, regardless of gender, is increasingly recognised as a driver of social outcomes and a fundamental human right. This study explores the longitudinal (2006–2018) relationship between gender equality, human development, and education results as measured by PISA. Gender equality and human development are consistently correlated with PISA scores at each time point; however, when controlling for starting values and country effects only change in gender equality positively predicts change in PISA scores (F = 22.6, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.58). Research and policy implications for the longitudinal interpretation of the relationship of PISA results with system-level factors as well as the relationship between gender equality and education are discussed in this paper. In consideration of the impact of COVID-19 on education and gender equality, the findings from this study support continued political effort towards gender-equal human development in a post-COVID-19 world.
ISSN:2076-0760
2076-0760
DOI:10.3390/socsci10120480