Fluorescent probes for the detection of chemical warfare agents
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic chemicals that have been intentionally developed for targeted and deadly use on humans. Although intended for military targets, the use of CWAs more often than not results in mass civilian casualties. To prevent further atrocities from occurring during confli...
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| Published in | Chemical Society reviews Vol. 52; no. 2; pp. 61 - 662 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Royal Society of Chemistry
25.01.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic chemicals that have been intentionally developed for targeted and deadly use on humans. Although intended for military targets, the use of CWAs more often than not results in mass civilian casualties. To prevent further atrocities from occurring during conflicts, a global ban was implemented through the chemical weapons convention, with the aim of eliminating the development, stockpiling, and use of CWAs. Unfortunately, because of their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture and effectiveness on mass populations, CWAs still exist in today's world. CWAs have been used in several recent terrorist-related incidents and conflicts (
e.g.
, Syria). Therefore, they continue to remain serious threats to public health and safety and to global peace and stability. Analytical methods that can accurately detect CWAs are essential to global security measures and for forensic analysis. Small molecule fluorescent probes have emerged as attractive chemical tools for CWA detection, due to their simplicity, ease of use, excellent selectivity and high sensitivity, as well as their ability to be translated into handheld devices. This includes the ability to non-invasively image CWA distribution within living systems (
in vitro
and
in vivo
) to permit in-depth evaluation of their biological interactions and allow potential identification of therapeutic countermeasures. In this review, we provide an overview of the various reported fluorescent probes that have been designed for the detection of CWAs. The mechanism for CWA detection, change in optical output and application for each fluorescent probe are described in detail. The limitations and challenges of currently developed fluorescent probes are discussed providing insight into the future development of this research area. We hope the information provided in this review will give readers a clear understanding of how to design a fluorescent probe for the detection of a specific CWA. We anticipate that this will advance our security systems and provide new tools for environmental and toxicology monitoring.
In this review, we comprehensively summarize the fluorescent probes reported in the literature for all known kinds of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). |
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| Bibliography: | Adam C. Sedgwick received his PhD in 2018 at the University of Bath with Prof. Tony D. James and obtained his postdoctoral research experience with Prof. Jonathan L. Sessler (2018-2021). He is now a Glasstone Research Fellow at the University of Oxford and is a Junior Research Fellow at Jesus College. Tony D. James is Professor at the University of Bath and Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He was a Royal Society University Research Fellow (1995-2000), Wolfson Research Merit Award holder (2017-2022) and was awarded the Daiwa-Adrian Prize (2013), the CASE Prize (2015), the MSMLG Czarnik Award (2018) and Frontiers in Chemistry Diversity Award. (2020). His research interests include many aspects of Supramolecular chemistry, including probes for redox imbalance and theranostic systems. His h-index is 79 (Google Scholar). Wen-Qi Meng is a lecturer at Naval Medical University. He received his PhD from Nanjing Tech University. His research interest focuses on the development new fluorescent probes for CWAs. Kai Xiao is a professor at Naval Medical University. He obtained his BSc (1994) and MASc (1997) from The Second Military Medical University and PhD (2000) from Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is a nominated Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) instructor and qualified expert for the United Nations Secretary-General's Mechanism (UNSGM) for the investigation of alleged use of chemical biological and toxin weapons. Juyoung Yoon is a distinguished professor at the Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University. His research interests include investigations of fluorescent chemosensors, activatable photosensitizers theranostics, and organic functional materials. He was listed as a highly cited researcher in chemistry for 2014-2021. Ming-Xue Sun is an associate professor at Naval Medical University. She obtained her BSc (2003) and PhD (2000) from The Second Military Medical University. She has been devoted to the research on medical protection of chemical weapons. Nahyun Kwon is a postdoctoral researcher in Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network in the laboratory of Prof. Gang Zheng. She received her PhD in Chemistry and Nanoscience from Ewha Womans Universiy in 2020 under the guidance of Professor Juyoung Yoon. Her research focuses on the development of nano-system for photo- and radio-dyanmic therapy and imaging-guided drug delivery system. Her long-term research plan is to use multifunctional nanosystems to simultaneously diagnose and treat tumors and develop treatments with fewer side effects. Xiao-Peng He is professor at the Feringa Nobel Prize Scientists Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, ECUST, and a Guest Research Fellow at the National Center for Liver Cancer. He was awarded the 2020-2021 Most Cited Chinese Researchers, the Thieme Chemistry Journal Award (2020), the Chinese Chemical Society Prize for Young Scientists (2018) and the Chinese Chemical Society Prize for Young Scientists in Chemical Biology (2018). His research interests include chemical glycobiology, fluorescent probes and supramolecular theranostic materials. Eric V. Anslyn is the Welch Regents Chair of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests encompass sensor development, functional materials, and mechanistic organic chemistry. He has won several research awards in the areas of supramolecular chemistry and physical organic chemistry, as well as many teaching awards from Univ. Texas at Austin. His H-index is 99 (Google Scholar). ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 |
| ISSN: | 0306-0012 1460-4744 1460-4744 |
| DOI: | 10.1039/d2cs00650b |