Effects of upright weight bearing and the knee flexion angle on patellofemoral indices using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with patellofemoral instability

• Published in: Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA Vol. 25; no. 8; pp. 2405 - 2413
• Main Authors: Becher, Christoph, Fleischer, Benjamin, Rase, Marten, Schumacher, Thees, Ettinger, Max, Ostermeier, Sven, Smith, Tomas
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.08.2017; John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Subjects: Adult; Bearing; Case-Control Studies; Control methods; Control stability; Female; Femur; Flexing; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Joint Instability - diagnostic imaging; Joint Instability - physiopathology; Knee; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Orthopedics; Patellofemoral Joint - diagnostic imaging; Patellofemoral Joint - physiopathology; Patients; Quadriceps muscle; Range of Motion, Articular; Resonance; Stability analysis; Weight reduction; Weight-Bearing; Knee; Patellar instability; Patellofemoral indices; MRI; Weight bearing
• ISSN: 0942-2056; 1433-7347; 1433-7347
• DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3829-8

Purpose This study analysed the effects of upright weight bearing and the knee flexion angle on patellofemoral indices, determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in patients with patellofemoral instability (PI). Methods Healthy volunteers (control group, n  = 9) and PI patients (PI group, n  = 16) were scanned in an open-configuration MRI scanner during upright weight bearing and supine non-weight bearing positions at full extension (0° flexion) and at 15°, 30°, and 45° flexion. Patellofemoral indices included the Insall–Salvati Index, Caton–Deschamp Index, and Patellotrochlear Index (PTI) to determine patellar height and the patellar tilt angle (PTA), bisect offset (BO), and the tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance to assess patellar rotation and translation with respect to the femur and alignment of the extensor mechanism. Results A significant interaction effect of weight bearing by flexion angle was observed for the PTI, PTA, and BO for subjects with PI. At full extension, post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed a significant effect of weight bearing on the indices, with increased patellar height and increased PTA and BO in the PI group. Except for the BO, no such changes were seen in the control group. Independent of weight bearing, flexing the knee caused the PTA, BO, and TT–TG distance to be significantly reduced. Conclusions Upright weight bearing and the knee flexion angle affected patellofemoral MRI indices in PI patients, with significantly increased values at full extension. The observations of this study provide a caution to be considered by professionals when treating PI patients. These patients should be evaluated clinically and radiographically at full extension and various flexion angles in context with quadriceps engagement. Level of evidence Explorative case–control study, Level III.