Ten years after the NPP accident at Fukushima : review on fuel debris behavior in contact with water

• Published in: Journal of nuclear science and technology Vol. 59; no. 1; pp. 1 - 24
• Main Authors: Grambow, Bernd, Nitta, Ayako, Shibata, Atsuhiro, Koma, Yoshikazu, Utsunomiya, Satoshi, Takami, Ryu, Fueda, Kazuki, Ohnuki, Toshihiko, Jegou, Christophe, Laffolley, Hugo, Journeau, Christophe
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Tokyo Taylor & Francis 02.01.2022; Taylor & Francis Ltd; Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkai
• Subjects: Actinides; Cesium 137; Cesium isotopes; Cooling; Debris; Decommissioning; Fission products; fuel debris; FUKUSHIMA; Leaching; Nuclear accidents; Nuclear fission; Physics; Radioisotopes; Reactor cores; spent nuclear fuel; Spent nuclear fuels; Strontium 90; FUKUSHIMA; leaching; fuel debris; spent nuclear fuel
• ISSN: 0022-3131; 1881-1248
• DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2021.1966347

Following the NPP accident, several hundred tons of heat-generating corium and fuel debris have been cooled permanently by millions of m 3 of flowing. Knowledge on the interaction with water is crucial for any decommissioning planning. Starting from knowledge on the evolutions of the accident in the three reactor cores and associated fuel debris formations and some additional isotopic and physio-chemical information on debris fragments collected in Fukushima soils, we review the temporal evolution of the chemistry and leached radionuclide contents of the cooling water, comparing measured concentration ratios of the actinides and fission products in the water to reported results of laboratory leaching studies with either spent nuclear fuel or simulated fuel debris. As for spent fuel leaching, the fractions of inventories of 134,137 Cs in the cooling water are orders of magnitude larger than that of the actinides. After more than 10 years of fuel debris/water contact, 137 Cs release rates have decreased by about a factor of 100. The total release of actinides from the fuel debris is orders of magnitude lower than that of 134,137 Cs or of 90 Sr. This high stability makes direct disposal of fuel debris in suitable containers after decommissioning a viable option.