Detecting Nontechnical Losses in Smart Meters Using a MLP-GRU Deep Model and Augmenting Data via Theft Attacks

• Published in: Sustainability Vol. 14; no. 22; p. 15001
• Main Authors: Kabir, Benish, Qasim, Umar, Javaid, Nadeem, Aldegheishem, Abdulaziz, Alrajeh, Nabil, Mohammed, Emad A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.11.2022
• Subjects: Coalbed methane; Consumers; Data acquisition; Deep learning; Electric losses; Electric power systems; Electric rates; Electricity; Electricity consumption; Electricity meters; Electronic data processing; Energy; Investigations; Machine learning; Methods; Multilayer perceptrons; Multilayers; Neural networks; Optimization algorithms; Prevention; Residential energy; Robbery; Search algorithms; Sensors; Support vector machines; Sustainability; Theft; Use statistics; Pakistan
• ISSN: 2071-1050; 2071-1050
• DOI: 10.3390/su142215001

The current study uses a data-driven method for Nontechnical Loss (NTL) detection using smart meter data. Data augmentation is performed using six distinct theft attacks on benign users’ samples to balance the data from honest and theft samples. The theft attacks help to generate synthetic patterns that mimic real-world electricity theft patterns. Moreover, we propose a hybrid model including the Multi-Layer Perceptron and Gated Recurrent Unit (MLP-GRU) networks for detecting electricity theft. In the model, the MLP network examines the auxiliary data to analyze nonmalicious factors in daily consumption data, whereas the GRU network uses smart meter data acquired from the Pakistan Residential Electricity Consumption (PRECON) dataset as the input. Additionally, a random search algorithm is used for tuning the hyperparameters of the proposed deep learning model. In the simulations, the proposed model is compared with the MLP-Long Term Short Memory (LSTM) scheme and other traditional schemes. The results show that the proposed model has scores of 0.93 and 0.96 for the area under the precision–recall curve and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, respectively. The precision–recall curve and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores for the MLP-LSTM are 0.93 and 0.89, respectively.