A mixed strategy of counter-singing behavior in male rock hyrax vocal competitions

• Published in: Behavioral ecology and sociobiology Vol. 70; no. 12; pp. 2185 - 2193
• Main Authors: Demartsev, Vlad, Ilany, Amiyaal, Barocas, Adi, Ziv, Einat Bar, Schnitzer, Inbar, Koren, Lee, Geffen, Eli
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer 01.12.2016; Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Agonistic behavior; Animal behavior; Animal communication; Animal Ecology; Animal social behavior; Behavioral Sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Body weight; Breeding seasons; Cognitive ability; Competition; Dyadics; Ecological competition; Herbivores; Human aggression; Life Sciences; Original Article; Rocks; Singing; Social behavior; Social interaction; Zoology; Vocal competition; Resident-intruder model; Napoleon strategy; Counter-singing
• ISSN: 0340-5443; 1432-0762
• DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2222-z

Maynard-Smith's game-theoretical framework suggests that conflicts should be resolved through an exchange of agonistic displays which can be as effective as physical attack in securing contested resources. Hence, participants use signaling tactics that are governed by game-theoretical competition rules to maximize their benefit from the interaction. In rock hyraxes, males initiate singing in response to conspecific male songs, possibly to self-advertise and to facilitate comparison of performance by receivers. We hypothesized that hyrax countersinging strategy can be explained by resident-intruder model and its outcome is determined by the identity and ability of the participants. Natural hyrax singing events and playbackinduced events were classified according to the participants' residence status—resident or bachelor (i.e., non-resident). As predicted by the resident-intruder model, resident listeners tended to reply to conspecific males at high rates (≈40 %), while bachelors showed low reply rates (17 %) to resident initiators. Unexpectedly, the lowest-ranking bachelors showed a tendency to reply to the highest-ranking residents. One possible explanation for this counter-intuitive behavior might be that weaker individuals exploit a situation in which it is unremunerated for a stronger opponent to retaliate (i.e., Napoleon strategy) and seize a self-advertisement opportunity in front of a large audience attending to the high-ranking males' signal. Overall, we show that male hyraxes employ different counter-singing tactics depending on the residence and rank differences between the participants. This choice of competition tactics can be based on opponents' individual recognition or/and on direct decoding of opponents' traits encoded in the song.