Viromic and Metagenomic Analyses of Commercial Spirulina Fermentations Reveal Remarkable Microbial Diversity

• Published in: Viruses Vol. 16; no. 7; p. 1039
• Main Authors: McDonnell, Brian, Parlindungan, Elvina, Vasiliauskaite, Erika, Bottacini, Francesca, Coughlan, Keith, Krishnaswami, Lakshmi Priyadarshini, Sassen, Tom, Lugli, Gabriele Andrea, Ventura, Marco, Mastroleo, Felice, Mahony, Jennifer, van Sinderen, Douwe
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.07.2024
• Subjects: Analysis; Bacteria - classification; Bacteria - genetics; Bacteria - isolation & purification; Bacteria - virology; Bacteriophages - classification; Bacteriophages - genetics; Bacteriophages - isolation & purification; Biodiversity; blue-green algae; CRISPR; Cyanobacteria; Fermentation; Fermented food; Food composition; Genetic testing; Genomes; Limnospira; Metagenome; Metagenomics; Metagenomics - methods; Methods; Phages; Phylogeny; Physiological aspects; Ponds; Ponds - microbiology; Ponds - virology; Spirulina; Spirulina - genetics; superfood; Taxonomy; Trends; Virome; Ireland; United States > US; Germany; virome; blue-green algae; Arthrospira; metagenome; spirulina; Limnospira; cyanobacteria; superfood
• ISSN: 1999-4915; 1999-4915
• DOI: 10.3390/v16071039

Commercially produced cyanobacteria preparations sold under the name spirulina are widely consumed, due to their traditional use as a nutrient-rich foodstuff and subsequent marketing as a superfood. Despite their popularity, the microbial composition of ponds used to cultivate these bacteria is understudied. A total of 19 pond samples were obtained from small-scale spirulina farms and subjected to metagenome and/or virome sequencing, and the results were analysed. A remarkable level of prokaryotic and viral diversity was found to be present in the ponds, with sp. and sp. sometimes being notably scarce. A detailed breakdown of prokaryotic and viral components of 15 samples is presented. Twenty putative sp.-infecting bacteriophage contigs were identified, though no correlation between the performance of these cultures and the presence of phages was found. The high diversity of these samples prevented the identification of clear trends in sample performance over time, between ponds or when comparing successful and failed fermentations.