Pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: a case-control survey of factors involved in risk and prevention

• Published in: AIDS (London) Vol. 13; no. 14; pp. 1971 - 1975
• Main Authors: Guerrero, Mario, Kruger, Sally, Saitoh, Akihiko, Sorvillo, Frank, Cheng, Kai-Jen, French, Carolyn, Beall, Gildon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hagerstown, MD Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 01.10.1999
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - epidemiology; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - immunology; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - prevention & control; Biological and medical sciences; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Female; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human viral diseases; Humans; Infectious diseases; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis - epidemiology; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis - immunology; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis - prevention & control; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Viral diseases; Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids; Pneumonia; Vaccination; Orthomyxoviridae; Prevention; Efficiency; Bacteria; Micrococcales; Complication; Human; Immunopathology; Lung disease; Opportunistic infection; Respiratory disease; AIDS; Immune deficiency; Influenzavirus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Infection; Virus; Streptococcaceae; Immunoprophylaxis; Viral disease; Influenza; Risk factor; Bacteriosis
• ISSN: 0269-9370
• DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199910010-00021

To assess the factors that increase or decrease the risk of pneumonia with particular attention to immunization with pneumococcal and influenza vaccines in a group of HIV-infected persons. A retrospective, case-control study based on information entered into a standard database and the medical record. Patients attending a referral clinic specializing in AIDS/HIV care at a public hospital. Among over 2000 subjects entered into a database in 8 years, 127 incidents of pneumonia were identified from the record. These cases were matched with 127 CD4 cell count matched, concurrent controls. None. The principal hypothesis was that chart review would find a decreased frequency of pneumococcal immunization in the pneumonia cases compared with matched controls. Pneumococcal immunization was associated with a reduction of the risk of pneumonia by nearly 70%. The effect was seen even when immunization was given with a CD4 cell count of less than 100/mm3. Injection drug users and African-Americans had a twofold increased risk of pneumonia. The study provides data to support the current recommendation for pneumococcal immunization of all HIV-infected persons. Although this conclusion could lead to renewed enthusiasm for increasing pneumococcal immunization rates in HIV-infected persons, it must be recognized that the study is observational and ascertainment bias cannot be excluded.