Occurrence and distribution of azole antifungal agents in eight urban Romanian waste water treatment plants

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 920; p. 170898
• Main Authors: Iancu, Vasile-Ion, Chiriac, Laura-Florentina, Paun, Iuliana, Pirvu, Florinela, Dinu, Cristina, Kim, Lidia, Pascu, Luoana Florentina, Niculescu, Marcela
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 10.04.2024
• Subjects: Antifungal azoles; Environmental risk; Loading and emission mass; Removal efficiency; SPE-LC-MS/MS; Wastewater; Antifungal azoles; Wastewater; Removal efficiency; SPE-LC-MS/MS; Loading and emission mass; Environmental risk
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170898

Azole compounds are utilized to combat fungal infections in plants to protect them and also used for treating mycosis in humans. The LC-MS/MS method is a technique that combines liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of twelve azole compounds from wastewater (influent, effluent) and sewage sludge. The compounds were isolated from waste water using automatic extraction in the solid phase. Sludge samples were dried by lyophilization, after which they were subjected to ultrasound extraction with methanol. The quantification limits ranged from 0.3 ng/L (clotrimazole-CLO and prochloraz-PRO) to 1.5 ng/L (tetraconazole-TEB and penconazole-PEN), for wastewater samples and for sewage sludge, the LOQs ranged from 0.1 ng/g to 0.6 ng/g. High concentrations of climbazole-CLI (207–391 ng/L), tebuconazole (92–424 ng/L), and clotrimazole (6.9–93-ng/L) were observed in influent samples of the 8 urban wastewater treatment plants, followed by fluconazole (49.3–76.8 ng/L), and prochloraz (7.3–72 ng/L). The ∑Azoles had a maximum of 676 ng/L in the Galati effluent, followed by the Bucharest station 357 ng/L, and 345 ng/L in the Braila effluent. The highest value of the daily mass loading (input) level was observed for climbazole, 265 mg/day/1000 in Iasi station, followed by tebuconazole, 238 mg/day/1000 people in the Bucharest station, and 203 mg/day/1000 people for climbazole in the Targoviste station. The daily mass emission presented values between 0.7 and 247 mg/day/1000 people. The highest emissions were observed for climbazole, 247 mg/day/1000 people in Braila station; 174 mg/day/1000 people in the Iasi station and 129 mg/day/1000 people in the Bucharest station. The concentrations of climbazole detected in the effluent can present a high risk for the plants Lemna minor and Navicula pelliculosa. Clotrimazole may present a high risk to the plant Desmodesmus subspicatus and to the invertebrate Daphnia magna. PRO may present high risk to the invertebrate Mysidopsis Bahia. [Display omitted] •Azole antifungal agents are present in wastewater of Romania.•Climbazole, clotrimazole, tebuconazole, prochloraz, fluconazole are partially eliminated in the sewage stations•Climbazole can present a high risk for the plants Lemna minor and Navicula pelliculosa.•Clotrimazole may present a high risk to the plant Desmodesmus subspicatus and to the invertebrate Daphnia magna.•Procloraz may present high risk to the invertebrate Mysidopsis Bahia.