Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis as a Benign Condition Mimicking Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Current Status, Knowledge Gaps and Rationale for the GRAMAREG Study (EUBREAST-15)

• Published in: Cancers Vol. 16; no. 19; p. 3387
• Main Authors: Krawczyk, Natalia, Kühn, Thorsten, Ditsch, Nina, Hartmann, Steffi, Gentilini, Oreste Davide, Lebeau, Annette, de Boniface, Jana, Hahn, Markus, Çakmak, Güldeniz Karadeniz, Alipour, Sadaf, Bjelic-Radisic, Vesna, Kolberg, Hans-Christian, Reimer, Toralf, Gasparri, Maria Luisa, Tauber, Nikolas, Neubacher, Melissa, Banys-Paluchowski, Maggie
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 03.10.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Antibiotics; Bacteria; Biopsy; Birth control; Breast cancer; Breast feeding; Breastfeeding & lactation; Cancer; Care and treatment; Case reports; Contraceptives; Development and progression; Diagnosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease; Drug therapy; Emotions; Etiology; Evidence-based medicine; Gram-positive bacteria; Granulomas; Health aspects; Immunoglobulin M; Immunosuppressive agents; Infection; Infections; Inflammation; Inflammatory breast cancer; Mastitis; Menopause; Neutrophils; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Oncology, Experimental; Pain; Patients; Pregnancy; Prolactin; Review; Risk factors; Sarcoidosis; Smoking; Steroid hormones; Steroids; Surgery; Tuberculosis; Germany; Asia; Europe; methotrexate; steroids; breast inflammation; idiopathic granulomatous mastitis; immunosuppressants; surgery
• ISSN: 2072-6694; 2072-6694
• DOI: 10.3390/cancers16193387

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign inflammatory breast condition often mistaken for inflammatory breast cancer and, therefore, requires a biopsy for accurate diagnosis. Although not cancerous, IGM can cause emotional distress because of severe pain and ensuing breast deformity. Differentiating IGM from other breast inflammations caused by infections is essential. IGM mostly affects premenopausal women and is potentially associated with recent pregnancies and breastfeeding. The risk factors, including smoking and contraceptive use, have inconsistent associations. Steroid responses suggest an autoimmune component, though specific markers are lacking. We performed a narrative review on potential risk factors, diagnostics, and therapy of IGM. Diagnostics and clinical management of IGM are challenging. The treatment options include NSAIDs, steroids, surgery, antibiotics, immunosuppressants, prolactin suppressants, and observation, each with varying effectiveness and side effects. Current IGM treatment evidence is limited, based on case reports and small series. There is no consensus on the optimal management strategy for this disease. The GRAMAREG study by the EUBREAST Study Group aims to collect comprehensive data on IGM to improve diagnostic and treatment guidelines. By enrolling patients with confirmed IGM, the study seeks to develop evidence-based recommendations, enhancing patient care and understanding of this condition.