Breast cancer prevention: present and future

• Published in: Cancer treatment reviews Vol. 27; no. 5; pp. 261 - 273
• Main Authors: Salih, A.K., Fentiman, I.S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2001; Elsevier
• Subjects: Biological and medical sciences; Breast cancer; Breast Neoplasms - etiology; Breast Neoplasms - prevention & control; Clinical Trials as Topic - trends; Estrogen Antagonists - therapeutic use; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; genetic susceptibility tamoxifen; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics; Humans; Mammary gland diseases; Medical sciences; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent - prevention & control; prevention; raloxifene; Raloxifene Hydrochloride - therapeutic use; Risk Factors; Tamoxifen - therapeutic use; Tumors; genetic susceptibility tamoxifen; risk factors; Breast cancer; raloxifene; prevention; Human; Malignant tumor; Anticarcinogen; Medical screening; Carcinogenesis; Prevention; Mammary gland diseases; Chemotherapy; Risk factor; Predisposition; Female; Mammary gland; Life style
• ISSN: 0305-7372; 1532-1967
• DOI: 10.1053/ctrv.2001.0235

Increased risk of breast cancer may result from modifiable factors such as endogenous hormone levels, obesity, HRT, and non-lactation, or non-modifiable factors such as genetic susceptibility or increasing age. Those factors that are easiest to modify may have a limited impact on the totality of breast cancer. The Gail model, based on known factors may be useful for estimating life-time risk in some individuals. Tamoxifen prevention still remains contentious. In the NSABP-P1 study, there was a 49% reduction in risk of breast cancer in women given tamoxifen but in the Italian and Royal Marsden trials, no effect on breast cancer incidence was detected, possibly because of the different case-mix in these studies. Raloxifene, tested in the MORE trial reduced the incidence of breast cancer by 65%. The effect was restricted to ER positive tumours: no reduction in ER negative cancers was seen. Life-style factors such as diet, obesity, exercise, and age of first full term pregnancy and number of pregnancies have a mild to moderate impact on risk and so may have little effect on the incidence of breast cancer. Reduction of alcohol intake could lead to a modest reduction in the risk of breast cancer but possibly adversely affect other diseases. So far, studies of retinoids have not shown a benefit in terms of breast cancer risk reduction. Fat reduction and GnRH analogues reduce mammographic density but have not yet been shown to affect risk.