Role of Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Forming Kinase Isoforms in Regulation of Stiffness-Induced Myofibroblast Differentiation in Lung Fibrosis

• Published in: American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology Vol. 56; no. 6; pp. 772 - 783
• Main Authors: Htwe, Su S, Cha, Byung H, Yue, Kan, Khademhosseini, Ali, Knox, Alan J, Ghaemmaghami, Amir M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Thoracic Society 01.06.2017
• Subjects: Actin; Actins - metabolism; Amides - pharmacology; Apoptosis; Biomechanical Phenomena - drug effects; Biomedical materials; Cell adhesion & migration; Cell Differentiation - drug effects; Cell Line; Cell Nucleus - drug effects; Cell Nucleus - metabolism; Collagen; Dietary fiber; Extracellular matrix; Extracellular Matrix - drug effects; Extracellular Matrix - metabolism; Fibroblasts; Fibrosis; Gelatin; Gelatin - pharmacology; Gene Silencing - drug effects; Health sciences; Humans; Hydrogels; Hydrogels - pharmacology; Isoenzymes - metabolism; Isoforms; Kinases; Life sciences; Lung diseases; Lungs; Medicine; Methacrylates - pharmacology; Myofibroblasts - enzymology; Myofibroblasts - pathology; Polymerization; Polymerization - drug effects; Pulmonary fibrosis; Pulmonary Fibrosis - enzymology; Pulmonary Fibrosis - pathology; Pyridines - pharmacology; rho-Associated Kinases - metabolism; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; Rodents; Signal Transduction - drug effects; siRNA; Smooth muscle; Stress Fibers - drug effects; Stress Fibers - metabolism; Stress, Mechanical; Studies; Substrate Specificity - drug effects; Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry; Trans-Activators - metabolism; fibrosis; ROCK; stiffness; myofibroblast; extracellular matrix
• ISSN: 1044-1549; 1535-4989
• DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0306OC

Fibrosis is a major cause of progressive organ dysfunction in several chronic pulmonary diseases. Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase (ROCK) has been shown to be involved in myofibroblast differentiation driven by altered matrix stiffness in a fibrotic state. There are two known ROCK isoforms in humans, ROCK1 and ROCK2, but the specific role of each isoform in myofibroblast differentiation in lung fibrosis remains unknown. To study this, we developed a gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel-based culture system with different stiffness levels relevant to healthy and fibrotic lungs. We have shown that stiff matrix, but not soft matrix, can induce myofibroblast differentiation with high smooth muscle actin isoform (αSMA) expression. Furthermore, our data confirmed that the inhibition of ROCK signaling by a pharmacological inhibitor (i.e., Y27632) attenuates stiffness-induced αSMA expression and fiber assembly in myofibroblasts. To assess the role of ROCK isoforms in this process, we used short interfering RNA to knock down the expression of each isoform. Our data showed that knocking down either ROCK1 or ROCK2 did not result in a reduction in αSMA expression in myofibroblasts on stiff matrix, as opposed to soft matrix, where αSMA expression was reduced significantly. Paradoxically, on stiff matrix, the absence of one isoform (particularly ROCK2) exaggerated αSMA expression and led to thick fiber assembly. Moreover, complete loss of αSMA fiber assembly was seen only in the absence of both ROCK isoforms, suggesting that both isoforms are implicated in this process. Overall, our results indicate the differential role of ROCK isoforms in myofibroblast differentiation on soft and stiff matrices.