A received signal strength RFID-based indoor location system

• Published in: Sensors and actuators. A. Physical. Vol. 255; pp. 118 - 133
• Main Authors: Álvarez López, Yuri, de Cos Gómez, María Elena, Las-Heras Andrés, Fernando
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Lausanne Elsevier B.V 01.03.2017; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Angle of arrival; Angle of arrival (AoA); Antennas; Backscattering; Indoor location systems (ILS); Radio frequency identification; Radio frequency identification (RFID); Radiodetermination; Received signal strength (RSS); Sensors; Signal strength; Tags; Wireless networks; Wireless sensor networks (WSNs); Radio frequency identification (RFID); Angle of arrival (AoA); Radiodetermination; Indoor location systems (ILS); Received signal strength (RSS); Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
• ISSN: 0924-4247; 1873-3069
• DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2017.01.007

[Display omitted] •Development and testing of a simple, low-cost ILS system based on a simple Direction Finder (DF) that uses relative RSS levels for AoA estimation, and the absolute RSS levels for range estimation.•Capability of providing positioning information with a single sensing unit, with a relative error of 26% (85% confidence level). Accuracy can be improved by adding more sensing units. Accuracy is improved by adding a second sensing unit: 14.5% relative error (90% confidence level).•Use of multiple RFID tags attached to the asset or person to be tracked to enhance detection, reducing RSS fluctuations due to multipath. A RFID-based Indoor Location System (ILS) that makes use of Received Signal Strength (RSS) information is presented. The proposed system is derived from a simple Direction Finder (DF) consisting on two antennas one tilted to respect to the other, so that their radiation patterns partially overlap. RFID tags are attached to the person or asset to be tracked. The ratio between RSS values received on each antenna is used to estimate the Angle of Arrival (AoA) of the electromagnetic signals backscattered by RFID tags. Once the AoA is estimated, the absolute RSS values are compared against a free-space propagation model to obtain an estimate of the range or distance. Then, given the AoA and the range, the position of the RFID tags can be obtained. The proposed system, based on a single DF unit, is tested in three real indoor scenarios: the first example is devoted to evaluating the agreement between the theoretical and experimental characterization of the DF system, in terms of the radiation patterns of its antennas as well as the position estimation accuracy within the coverage area, thereby analyzing the robustness of AoA against multipath. Second example shows simple cases of asset tracking, and the third one presents an enhanced system comprising two sets of antennas that improves positioning accuracy. A comparison with state-of-the-art ILS is also presented, in order to put the proposed RFID-based ILS into context.