Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photo-spectroscopy analysis of graphite media irradiated at low doses

• Published in: Applied radiation and isotopes Vol. 147; pp. 105 - 112
• Main Authors: Bradley, D.A., Siti Rozaila, Z., Khandaker, M.U., Almugren, K.S., Meevasana, Worawat, Abdul Sani, S.F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2019
• Subjects: Carbon; Dosimetry; Spectroscopy; Structural alterations; Spectroscopy; Dosimetry; Carbon; Structural alterations
• ISSN: 0969-8043; 1872-9800
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.02.016

We explore the utility of controlled low-doses (0.2–100 Gy) of photon irradiation as initiators of structural alteration in carbon-rich materials. To-date our work on carbon has focused on β-, x- and γ-irradiations and the monitoring of radiotherapeutic doses (from a few Gy up to some tens of Gy) on the basis of the thermoluminescence (TL) signal, also via Raman and X-ray photo-spectroscopy (XPS), providing analysis of the dose dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). The work has been extended herein to investigate possibilities for analysis of structural alterations in graphite-rich mixtures, use being made of two grades of graphite-rich pencil lead, 8H and 2B, both being in the form produced for mechanical pencils (propelling or clutch pencils). 2B has the greater graphite content (approaching 98 wt %), 8H being a mixture of C, O, Al and Si (with respective weight percentages 39.2, 38.2, 9.8 and 12.8). Working on media pre-annealed at 400 °C, both have subsequently been irradiated to penetrating photon-mediated doses. Raman spectroscopy analysis has been carried out using a 532 nm laser Raman spectrometer, while for samples irradiated to doses from 1 to 40 Gy, XPS spectra were acquired using Al Kα sources (hv ∼1400 eV); carbon KLL Auger peaks were acquired using 50 eV Pass Energy. At these relatively low doses, alterations in order-disorder are clearly observed, defect generation and internal annealing competing as dominating effects across the dose range. •Low-dose photon irradiations used in initiating structural alteration in carbon-rich materials.•Analysed via Raman and X-ray photo-spectroscopy, providing analysis of dose dependence.•Order-disorder via defect creation and annealing as competing dominant effects across dose range.•O1s/C1s ratio a potential parameter for dose dependent damage analysis in graphite.