Thermal annealing of nuclear graphite during in-situ electron irradiation
We have investigated the in-situ electron irradiation of nuclear graphite within a 200 kV transmission electron microscope at temperatures between 83 K and 473 K. For each temperature, nuclear grade Pile Grade A graphite specimens were subject to a fluence of ca. 1022 electrons cm−2, and transmissio...
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| Published in | Carbon (New York) Vol. 115; pp. 659 - 664 |
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| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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01.05.2017
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| ISSN | 0008-6223 1873-3891 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.057 |
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| Abstract | We have investigated the in-situ electron irradiation of nuclear graphite within a 200 kV transmission electron microscope at temperatures between 83 K and 473 K. For each temperature, nuclear grade Pile Grade A graphite specimens were subject to a fluence of ca. 1022 electrons cm−2, and transmission electron micrographs and selected area diffraction patterns were collected during electron beam exposure. By considering a critical fluence, at which the graphite (002) d-spacing increased by 10%, a temperature threshold for damage has been determined. Below ca. 420 K, electron irradiation caused significant net structural damage: fragmenting basal planes and producing a tortuous nanotexture. Above this temperature the effects of thermal annealing became more prevalent, maintaining the structure even at much higher fluences. We have derived activation energies for the annealing processes operative in these two temperature regimes and, via a comparison with theoretical predictions have, for the first time, associated these with specific recovery processes.
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| AbstractList | We have investigated the in-situ electron irradiation of nuclear graphite within a 200 kV transmission electron microscope at temperatures between 83 K and 473 K. For each temperature, nuclear grade Pile Grade A graphite specimens were subject to a fluence of ca. 1022 electrons cm−2, and transmission electron micrographs and selected area diffraction patterns were collected during electron beam exposure. By considering a critical fluence, at which the graphite (002) d-spacing increased by 10%, a temperature threshold for damage has been determined. Below ca. 420 K, electron irradiation caused significant net structural damage: fragmenting basal planes and producing a tortuous nanotexture. Above this temperature the effects of thermal annealing became more prevalent, maintaining the structure even at much higher fluences. We have derived activation energies for the annealing processes operative in these two temperature regimes and, via a comparison with theoretical predictions have, for the first time, associated these with specific recovery processes.
[Display omitted] We have investigated the in-situ electron irradiation of nuclear graphite within a 200 kV transmission electron microscope at temperatures between 83 K and 473 K. For each temperature, nuclear grade Pile Grade A graphite specimens were subject to a fluence of ca. 1022 electrons cm−2, and transmission electron micrographs and selected area diffraction patterns were collected during electron beam exposure. By considering a critical fluence, at which the graphite (002) d-spacing increased by 10%, a temperature threshold for damage has been determined. Below ca. 420 K, electron irradiation caused significant net structural damage: fragmenting basal planes and producing a tortuous nanotexture. Above this temperature the effects of thermal annealing became more prevalent, maintaining the structure even at much higher fluences. We have derived activation energies for the annealing processes operative in these two temperature regimes and, via a comparison with theoretical predictions have, for the first time, associated these with specific recovery processes. |
| Author | Freeman, H.M. Brydson, R.M.D. Scott, A.J. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: H.M. surname: Freeman fullname: Freeman, H.M. email: freeman@gfz-potsdam.de organization: Institute for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: A.J. surname: Scott fullname: Scott, A.J. organization: Institute for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: R.M.D. surname: Brydson fullname: Brydson, R.M.D. organization: Institute for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/0022-0248(95)00547-1 10.1088/0953-8984/25/13/135403 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.019 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.024114 10.1016/0304-3991(91)90216-S 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.144107 10.1098/rsta.1966.0028 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a023747 10.1038/208638a0 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.095501 10.1002/pssa.2210470102 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.075419 10.1038/nmat876 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.03.024 10.1080/14786436708229268 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.048 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a023710 10.1016/j.diamond.2010.06.010 10.1080/01418619708214030 10.1080/14786430701210023 10.1088/0953-8984/20/39/395220 10.1080/09500830210137416 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.04.015 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.184109 10.1088/0034-4885/62/8/201 |
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| Snippet | We have investigated the in-situ electron irradiation of nuclear graphite within a 200 kV transmission electron microscope at temperatures between 83 K and... We have investigated the in-situ electron irradiation of nuclear graphite within a 200 kV transmission electron microscope at temperatures between 83 K and 473... |
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| SubjectTerms | Activation energy Annealing Diffraction patterns Electron irradiation Electron micrographs electrons Fluence Fragmentation graphene Graphite irradiation Photomicrographs Planes prediction Radiation damage Structural damage Temperature transmission electron microscopes |
| Title | Thermal annealing of nuclear graphite during in-situ electron irradiation |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.057 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1917652401 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000363477 |
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