Enhanced condition in dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.) living under mussel hummocks

• Published in: Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology Vol. 230; no. 2; pp. 225 - 234
• Main Authors: Davenport, J, Moore, P.G, Magill, S.H, Fraser, L.A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 30.11.1998; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Animal and plant ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Autoecology; Biological and medical sciences; Condition index; Defensive interactions; Dogwhelks; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Marine; Mussel hummocks; Mussels; Mytilus edulis; Nucella lapillus; Protozoa. Invertebrata; Mussels; Mytilus edulis; Dogwhelks; Nucella lapillus; Defensive interactions; Condition index; Mussel hummocks; Physiological condition; Microhabitat; Predator prey relation; Defensive behavior; Gastropoda; Byssus; Marine environment; Trapping; Bivalvia; Habitat; Shelter; Predator; Invertebrata; Mollusca
• ISSN: 0022-0981; 1879-1697
• DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00082-3

Dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus eat both barnacles and mussels, Mytilus edulis. However, mussels are dangerous prey because they can snare and immobilize dogwhelks with their byssi. Despite this danger, adult dogwhelks are common inside mussel hummocks or stacks found on mature mussel beds. The whelks live in debris-filled chambers within the hummocks, unsnared by byssi. Evidence is presented to show that this is a highly favourable microhabitat for dogwhelks. Condition index (CI) measurements showed that mean CI for “hummock” dogwhelks was 20.99 in early spring, 29.65 in midsummer and 34.86 in early winter. In comparison, CI values for dogwhelks from nearby barnacle zones were 20.13, 25.03 and 24.66 respectively. The summer and winter CI values of “hummock” dogwhelks were enhanced to a highly significant extent. Data are also presented to show that shore elevation or dogwhelk shell height (over the size range of animals studied) had no confounding effect on this result. Predicted flesh and shell mass values for a standard 25 mm high whelk showed that occupation of hummocks was associated with a thin-walled shell morphology, and that the shell mass became proportionately lower in summer and early winter. A feeding experiment showed that CI rises slowly, even in dogwhelks fed to satiation on mussels. Dogwhelks were taken from the barnacle zone in March 1997 and either fed to satiation on Mytilus or starved, whilst being held in seawater at ambient seawater temperature. The CI of fed dogwhelks rose from 19.7 to 27.4 in 3 months, while that of starved Nucella fell from 19.7 to 16.3. In the meantime, the CI of dogwhelks in situ in the barnacle zone had risen from 19.7 to 23.8. Hence, 3 months' satiation ration had led to a nett 3.6 unit rise in CI; starvation to a nett 7.5 unit fall. All of the changes in CI were due to changes in flesh mass; shell mass was stable. Since “hummock” dogwhelks collected in early winter have a CI value about 10.2 units greater than barnacle zone dogwhelks, this indicates that “hummock” dogwhelks are long-term inhabitants of this microhabitat.