Occurrence Characteristics of VHF Scintillation and Equatorial Spread F over Kwajalein during Moderate Solar Activity in 2012

• Published in: Atmosphere Vol. 14; no. 5; p. 889
• Main Author: Huang, Chao-Song
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.05.2023
• Subjects: Atolls; C/NOFS satellite; Communication; Communications systems; Drift; Equatorial spread-F; Ion density; Ion density (concentration); Ionospheric electron density; Ions; kwajalein; Longitude; Maxima; Monthly variations; Navigation; Navigation systems; Observations; occurrence probability; Plasma; Plasma bubbles; Probability theory; Satellites; Scintillation; Solar activity; Spread F; Statistical analysis; Vertical drift; VHF scintillation; United States
• ISSN: 2073-4433; 2073-4433
• DOI: 10.3390/atmos14050889

The occurrence probability of equatorial plasma bubbles and the associated spread F (ESF) irregularities have been derived from ground-based and space-borne measurements. In general, ESF occurrence depends on season and longitude and is high in equinoctial months and low around June solstice. In the West Pacific sector, previous statistical results show that the ESF occurrence probability increases gradually and continuously from March to August. In this study, we use trans-ionospheric VHF data received at Kwajalein Atoll in 2012 to derive the occurrence characteristics of scintillation. It is found that the occurrence probability of strong scintillation had two maxima in June and September and a minimum in July in the evening and midnight sector but only one maximum in June in the post-midnight sector. The monthly variations of scintillation occurrence at Kwajalein are different from almost all previous studies on ESF and scintillation at or near this longitude. To identify the cause for the June peak and the July minimum of scintillation, the ion density and velocity data measured by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite in 2011–2012 are used to derive the ESF occurrence and the post-sunset vertical ion drift near Kwajalein. The ESF occurrence probability and the ion drift measured by the C/NOFS satellite showed two maxima in May/June and August/September and a minimum in July, verifying that the June peak and the July minimum of the VHF scintillation are realistic and caused by the similar variations in the ionospheric ion drift and density.