Mineralogical and Leaching Characteristics of Altered Ilmenite Beach Placer Sands

• Published in: Minerals (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 11; p. 1022
• Main Authors: Ramakokovhu, Munyadziwa Mercy, Olubambi, Peter Apata, Mbaya, Richard Kady Kadiambuji, Mojisola, Tajudeen, Teffo, Moipone Linda
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.11.2020
• Subjects: Additives; Aluminum oxide; Atmospheric conditions; Beaches; characterization; Chemical bonds; Chlorides; Crystallography; Disintegration; Efficiency; Electron microscopy; Energy consumption; Ferric oxide; Grain boundaries; Grain structure; Hematite; High resolution; Ilmenite; Impurities; Iron constituents; Leaching; Market value; Mineral composition; Mineralogy; Minerals; Oxidation; Oxide coatings; Oxides; Particle size; Phase changes; Phase distribution; pseudo-rutile; Residues; Resolution; Rutile; Sand; Scanning electron microscopy; Scientific imaging; Silica; Silicon dioxide; Titanium; Trace metals; X-ray diffraction; South Africa
• ISSN: 2075-163X; 2075-163X
• DOI: 10.3390/min10111022

In order to have a good understanding of the treatment process and improvement on the market value of ilmenite beach placer sands, knowledge of its mineral composition and phase distribution is fundamental. In this study, a combination of characterization techniques including high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron (HR-TEM) microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques was used to understand the mineralogical characteristics of ilmenite beach placer sands obtained from Richards Bay, South Africa. The mineral phase constituents of the ilmenite beach placer sands were studied before pre-oxidation and additive leaching in a chloride environment. During observations using XRD and HR-SEM, the ilmenite beach placer sands exhibited signature rhombohedral crystal form and crescentic pits with evidence of alteration phases. The characterized pre-oxidized ilmenite showed the presence of a ferric oxide film deposit of the particles. The leaching characteristics of both raw and pre-oxidized ilmenite was studied in the presence of additives. The leaching efficiency of the pre-oxidized ilmenite in the presence of additives increased by 20% at atmospheric conditions. The characterized residues show the improved amenability of pre-oxidized leach in chloride media. The formation of new phases containing pseudo-rutile indicated crystallographic disintegration by the movement of atoms during dissolution. Some particles retained the crescentic pit and the subangular grain structure; however, the phase changes were observed at the grain boundaries and grain edges. The leached residue’s EDS results still indicated the presence of pseudo-rutile and some minor unreacted oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, and other trace metals. The trace metals impurities present in the as-received ilmenite were reduced by 80% in the final residue after the leaching.