Directed Energy Deposition-Arc (DED-Arc) and Numerical Welding Simulation as a Hybrid Data Source for Future Machine Learning Applications

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 11; no. 15; p. 7075
• Main Authors: Reimann, Jan, Hammer, Stefan, Henckell, Philipp, Rohe, Maximilian, Ali, Yarop, Rauch, Alexander, Hildebrand, Jörg, Bergmann, Jean Pierre
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.08.2021
• Subjects: Accuracy; Additive manufacturing; Arc deposition; Cooling; Cooling rate; Datasets; DED-Arc; Deformation; directed energy deposition-arc; Energy industry; GMAW; Heat; Learning algorithms; Machine learning; Manufacturing industry; Mathematical models; Mechanical properties; Predictions; Process parameters; Residual stress; Simulation; Temperature distribution; Titanium alloys; WAAM; Welding; wire arc; wire arc additive manufacturing
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app11157075

This research presents a hybrid approach to generate sample data for future machine learning applications for the prediction of mechanical properties in directed energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc) using the GMAW process. DED-Arc is an additive manufacturing process which offers a cost-effective way to generate 3D metal parts, due to its high deposition rate of up to 8 kg/h. The mechanical properties additively manufactured wall structures made of the filler material G4Si1 (ER70 S-6) are shown in dependency of the t8/5 cooling time. The numerical simulation is used to link the process parameters and geometrical features to a specific t8/5 cooling time. With an input of average welding power, welding speed and geometrical features such as wall thickness, layer height and heat source size a specific temperature field can be calculated for each iteration in the simulated welding process. This novel approach allows to generate large, artificial data sets as training data for machine learning methods by combining experimental results to generate a regression equation based on the experimentally measured t8/5 cooling time. Therefore, using the regression equations in combination with numerically calculated t8/5 cooling times an accurate prediction of the mechanical properties was possible in this research with an error of only 2.6%. Thus, a small set of experimentally generated data set allows to achieve regression equations which enable a precise prediction of mechanical properties. Moreover, the validated numerical welding simulation model was suitable to achieve an accurate calculation of the t8/5 cooling time, with an error of only 0.3%.