Phytochemical Profile of Eight Categories of Functional Edible Oils: A Metabolomic Approach Based on Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 12; no. 4; p. 1933
• Main Authors: Socaciu, Carmen, Dulf, Francisc, Socaci, Sonia, Ranga, Floricuta, Bunea, Andrea, Fetea, Florinela, Pintea, Adela
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.02.2022
• Subjects: Authenticity; Biomarkers; Carotenoids; Categories; chemometrics; Chromatography; Classification; Discriminant analysis; edible functional oils; Edible oils; Fatty acids; Fluorescence; Food; food identity; gas- and liquid chromatography; Health promotion; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metabolomics; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Nutritive value; Oils & fats; Olive oil; Phenolic compounds; Phenols; Phytochemicals; phytochemicals’ profile; Principal components analysis; Regulation; Retention; Scientific imaging; Soybeans; Spectroscopy; Sterols; Sunflowers; Tocopherols; Vegetable oils; Volatiles; Walnuts; United States > US; Switzerland
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app12041933

Functional vegetable oils are highly considered not only for their nutritional value, but also for their health benefits. The profile of phytochemicals responsible for their quality is useful also for the identification of possible mislabeling or adulteration. The comparative composition of eight categories (sunflower, pumpkin, hempseed, linseed, soybean, walnut, sea buckthorn and olive) of commercial vs. authentic oils was determined. Fatty acids, volatiles, carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolic components were analyzed by gas- and liquid chromatography-based techniques coupled with diode array, mass spectrometry, or fluorescence detection. Classification models, commonly used in metabolomics, e.g., principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, hierarchical clusters and heatmaps have been applied to discriminate each category and individual samples. Carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolics contributed mostly, qualitatively, and quantitatively to the discrimination between the eight categories of oils, as well as between the authentic and the commercial ones. This metabolomic approach can be easily implemented and the heatmaps can be considered as “identity” cards of each oil category and the quality of commercial oils, comparative to the authentic ones of the same botanical and geographical origin.