Video Forensics: Identifying Colorized Images Using Deep Learning

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 11; no. 2; p. 476
• Main Authors: Ulloa, Carlos, Ballesteros, Dora M., Renza, Diego
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.01.2021
• Subjects: Classification; CNN; Colorization; Datasets; Deep learning; Editing; Forensic science; image colorization; image forensics; Inference; Social networks; Social organization; Transfer learning; Video data
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app11020476

In recent years there has been a significant increase in images and videos circulating in social networks and media, edited with different techniques, including colorization. This has a negative impact on the forensic field because it is increasingly difficult to discern what is original content and what is fake. To address this problem, we propose two models (a custom architecture and a transfer-learning-based model) based on CNNs that allows a fast recognition of the colorized images (or videos). In the experimental test, the effect of three hyperparameters on the performance of the classifier were analyzed in terms of HTER (Half Total Error Rate). The best result was found for the Adam optimizer, with a dropout of 0.25 and an input image size of 400 × 400 pixels. Additionally, the proposed models are compared with each other in terms of performance and inference times and with some state-of-the-art approaches. In terms of inference times per image, the proposed custom model is 12x faster than the transfer-learning-based model; however, in terms of precision (P), recall and F1-score, the transfer-learning-based model is better than the custom model. Both models generalize better than other models reported in the literature.