TRU-NET: a deep learning approach to high resolution prediction of rainfall

• Published in: Machine learning Vol. 110; no. 8; pp. 2035 - 2062
• Main Authors: Adewoyin, Rilwan A., Dueben, Peter, Watson, Peter, He, Yulan, Dutta, Ritabrata
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.08.2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Artificial Intelligence; Atmospheric models; Climate change; Climate models; Coders; Computer Science; Continuity (mathematics); Control; Deep learning; Encoders-Decoders; High resolution; Machine Learning; Mechatronics; Natural Language Processing (NLP); Performance evaluation; Precipitation; Rain; Rainfall; Robotics; Robustness (mathematics); Simulation and Modeling; Simulators; Spatial resolution; Two dimensional models; Weather; Climate modelling; Attention mechanism; Recurrent neural networks; Precipitation downscaling; Rainfall forecasting
• ISSN: 0885-6125; 1573-0565
• DOI: 10.1007/s10994-021-06022-6

Climate models (CM) are used to evaluate the impact of climate change on the risk of floods and heavy precipitation events. However, these numerical simulators produce outputs with low spatial resolution that exhibit difficulties representing precipitation events accurately. This is mainly due to computational limitations on the spatial resolution used when simulating multi-scale weather dynamics in the atmosphere. To improve the prediction of high resolution precipitation we apply a Deep Learning (DL) approach using input data from a reanalysis product, that is comparable to a climate model’s output, but can be directly related to precipitation observations at a given time and location. Further, our input excludes local precipitation, but includes model fields (weather variables) that are more predictable and generalizable than local precipitation. To this end, we present TRU-NET (Temporal Recurrent U-Net), an encoder-decoder model featuring a novel 2D cross attention mechanism between contiguous convolutional-recurrent layers to effectively model multi-scale spatio-temporal weather processes. We also propose a non-stochastic variant of the conditional-continuous (CC) loss function to capture the zero-skewed patterns of rainfall. Experiments show that our models, trained with our CC loss, consistently attain lower RMSE and MAE scores than a DL model prevalent in precipitation downscaling and outperform a state-of-the-art dynamical weather model. Moreover, by evaluating the performance of our model under various data formulation strategies, for the training and test sets, we show that there is enough data for our deep learning approach to output robust, high-quality results across seasons and varying regions.