Disrupted cellulose aggregation leads to the reduced mechanical performance of wood–adhesive interphase during freeze–thaw cycles

• Published in: Cellulose (London) Vol. 30; no. 3; pp. 1895 - 1909
• Main Authors: Cao, Yizhong, Xu, Chuhang, Xu, Shuwei, Chen, Haili, Yan, Yutao, Chen, Yifan, Wu, Qiang, Wang, Siqun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.02.2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adhesives; Bioorganic Chemistry; Bond strength; Bonding strength; Cellulose; Ceramics; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Cold weather; Composites; Cracks; Crystal structure; Freeze thaw cycles; Glass; Hydrogen bonds; Lamella; Lamellar structure; Macromolecules; Mechanical properties; Moisture content; Moisture effects; Natural Materials; Organic Chemistry; Original Research; Phase transitions; Phenol formaldehyde; Physical Chemistry; Polymer Sciences; Structural integrity; Sustainable Development; Freeze–thaw cycles; Cellulose aggregation; Wood–adhesive interphase; Mechanical performance; Nanoindentation
• ISSN: 0969-0239; 1572-882X
• DOI: 10.1007/s10570-022-04990-z

The mechanical performance of engineered wooden products facing the freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) arises as an attention-worthy issue since the application of timber architectures in cold climates spreads. Here, we reported an investigation to reveal the losses of the mechanical performance of the wood-phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive interphase after the FTCs. Results revealed that PF adhesive was barely affected by the FTCs due to the low moisture content and rigid networks, whereas the mechanical properties of the cell wall in wood-PF interphase reduced significantly (more than 30%) after 5 FTCs at – 40 °C. Cracks were observed in the cell wall and compound middle lamella after FTCs. Further investigation into the crystal structure of the cell wall in the wood-PF interphase demonstrated that the FTCs disrupt the aggregations of cellulose macromolecules. The stresses caused by the phase transition of free water and the external hydrogen bonds formed between water and cellulose disrupted hydrogen bond networks in the cell wall. A plausible mechanism for the FTCs reducing the mechanical properties of the wood-PF bonds can be concluded as the cracks and weakened cell walls crippled the structural integrity of the wood-PF interphase, making it a fragile and stress-concentrated site when subjected to load.