Effect of thermal modification of wood particles for wood-PLA composites on properties of filaments, 3D-printed parts and injection moulded parts

• Published in: European journal of wood and wood products Vol. 82; no. 2; pp. 403 - 416
• Main Authors: Krapež Tomec, Daša, Schwarzkopf, Matthew, Repič, Rožle, Žigon, Jure, Gospodarič, Bojan, Kariž, Mirko
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.04.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: 3-D printers; Aspect ratio; Beech; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Ceramics; Composite materials; Composites; Extrusion; Fabrication; Filaments; Fused deposition modeling; Glass; Injection; Injection molding; Life Sciences; Machines; Manufacturing; Natural Materials; Original Article; Particulate composites; Polylactic acid; Polymer matrix composites; Polymers; Porosity; Printing; Processes; Surface roughness; Tensile strength; Three dimensional composites; Three dimensional printing; Wood; Wood Science & Technology
• ISSN: 0018-3768; 1436-736X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02018-2

This paper describes the development and characterisation of wood-filled polylactic acid (PLA) composite filaments for application in fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (3D) printing. Four different wood-polymer composite filaments for 3D printing were prepared, and specimens were 3D-printed with the obtained materials. The composite filaments consisted of wood particles (10% or 20% mass ratio) and a PLA polymer matrix. Wood particles were prepared by grinding and sieving non-modified beech wood and thermally modified (TM) (at 200 °C) beech wood. Thermal modification of wood affected particle preparation and smaller particles with lower aspect ratios were obtained. Filaments with TM wood particles were extruded better than with non-modified wood particles, with lower surface roughness and lower porosity. With a higher wood ratio, the surface roughness and porosity of the filament increased. Non-homogenous filaments also affected extrusion in 3D printing and reduced the properties of 3D-printed parts. Parts 3D-printed from filaments with TM particles had better tensile strength than from filaments with non-modified particles, but were lower than from pure PLA filaments. The tensile strength of the injection-moulded specimens was 18–69% higher than that of the 3D-printed specimens, depending on the filament composition. The results indicate some positive effects of thermal modification of wood particles on the properties of filaments and 3D-printed parts. Nevertheless, further optimisation of particle preparation and extrusion parameters is needed to obtain quality filaments with this size of wood particles.