Application of fragment analysis based on methylation status mobility difference to identify vaginal secretions

• Published in: Science & justice Vol. 61; no. 4; pp. 384 - 390
• Main Authors: Doi, Masanori, Nishimukai, Hiroaki, Asano, Migiwa
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier B.V 01.07.2021
• Subjects: Body fluid identification; Body Fluids; Capillary electrophoresis; DNA - genetics; DNA Methylation; Female; Forensic genetics; Humans; MDFS; Reproducibility of Results; Saliva; Vaginal secretions; MDFS; DNA methylation; Vaginal secretions; Forensic genetics; Body fluid identification; Capillary electrophoresis
• ISSN: 1355-0306; 1876-4452
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.03.005

•We describe a new method for identifying vaginal secretions.•We focused on methylated gDNA regions but not on a single CpG site marker.•Amplicon peaks from methylated gDNA were only detected in vaginal samples.•Vaginal secretion-specific methylation may be derived from vaginal epithelial cells.•This approach has the potential to analyze multiple marker regions simultaneously. Identifying vaginal secretions attaching or adhering to a suspect’s belongings would be beneficial for reconstructing the events that have taken place during a sexual assault. The present study describes a novel approach to identify vaginal secretions by fragment analysis using capillary electrophoresis, based on the mobility differences of PCR amplicons from bisulfite-treated DNA depending on methylation status. We targeted three genome regions including each of three vaginal secretion-specific methylated CpG sites reported previously: cg25416153, cg09765089, and cg14991487. In all three genome regions, the amplicon peaks for methylated genomic DNA (gDNA) sequences were only detected in vaginal samples, whereas samples of other body fluids (blood, saliva, semen, and deposit on skin surface) only showed amplicon peaks for unmethylated gDNA sequences. In vaginal secretions, the methylation ratio of each of the three targeted regions between samples was variable, while the ratios at the three regions in each sample were similar. Furthermore, commercial vaginal epithelial cells were completely methylated at the three regions. Therefore, vaginal secretion-specific methylation may derive from vaginal epithelial cells present in the sample. In forensic cases with a limited amount of DNA, the reproducibility of a detected peak using the present method is not high due to degradation of DNA by bisulfite treatment and subsequent stochastic PCR bias. However, it was possible to detect peaks from methylated DNA sequences by performing PCR and capillary electrophoresis in triplicate after bisulfite treatment, even when bisulfite treatment was performed using 0.5 ng of gDNA from vaginal secretions. In addition, the level of methylation at each targeted region was found to be stable in vaginal secretions stored for 1 year at room temperature. Therefore, we conclude that detection of the visual peak from vaginal secretion-specific methylated DNA sequence is useful to prove the presence of vaginal secretions. This approach has the potential to analyze multiple marker regions simultaneously, and may provide a new multiplex assay to identify various body fluids.