Oxidation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics by peroxymonosulfate without activation: Kinetics, products, and antibacterial deactivation

• Published in: Water research (Oxford) Vol. 145; pp. 210 - 219
• Main Authors: Zhou, Yang, Gao, Yuan, Pang, Su-Yan, Jiang, Jin, Yang, Yi, Ma, Jun, Yang, Yue, Duan, Jiebin, Guo, Qin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 15.11.2018
• Subjects: Antibacterial deactivation; Fluoroquinolone antibiotics; Oxidation kinetics; Oxidation products; Peroxymonosulfate; Antibacterial deactivation; Oxidation kinetics; Peroxymonosulfate; Fluoroquinolone antibiotics; Oxidation products
• ISSN: 0043-1354; 1879-2448
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.026

While fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics are susceptible to degradation by sulfate and/or hydroxyl radicals formed in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based advanced oxidation processes, here we report that unactivated PMS itself exhibits a specific high reactivity toward FQs for the first time. Reaction kinetics of PMS with two model FQs, ciprofloxacin (CF) and enrofloxacin (EF), showed a strong pH dependency with apparent second-order rate constants of 0.10–13.05 M−1s−1 for CF and 0.51–33.17 M−1s−1 for EF at pH 5–10. This pH dependency was well described by species-specific parallel reactions. On the basis of reaction kinetics and structure–activity assessment, the tertiary and secondary aliphatic N4 amines on the FQs’ piperazine ring were proposed to be the main reaction sites. High performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass analysis showed the formation of hydroxylated, N-oxide, and dealkylated products. Bacterial growth inhibition bioassays using Escherichia coli showed that oxidation products of FQs by PMS retained negligible antibacterial potency in comparison to parent FQs. Kinetic modeling using the rate constants estimated from pure water well predicted the oxidation kinetics of low levels of CF and EF by PMS in surface water. The degradation efficiency of FQs by PMS in surface water was slightly lower than that by ozone, comparable to that by ferrate, and much higher than that by permanganate. These results suggest that PMS is a promising oxidant for the treatment of FQs in water. [Display omitted] •Direct oxidation of FQs by PMS without activation showed strong pH dependency.•Aliphatic N4 amines on the FQs' piperazine ring were the main reaction sites.•Transformation of FQs yielded hydroxylated, N-oxide, and dealkylated products.•Oxidation products had a much lower antibacterial activity than parent FQs.•FQs were efficiently degraded by PMS in natural water.