Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review

• Published in: Energies (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 22; p. 6088
• Main Authors: Nyamukamba, Pardon, Mukumba, Patrick, Chikukwa, Evernice Shelter, Makaka, Golden
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.11.2020
• Subjects: abatement techniques; Adsorbents; Alternative energy sources; Alternative fuels; Anaerobic digestion; Anaerobic processes; Biogas; biogas composition; biogas impurities; Boilers; Carbon dioxide; Cleaning; Corrosion; Costs; Electricity; Emissions; Fossil fuels; Gas turbine engines; Gas turbines; Gases; Hydrogen; Impurities; Landfill; Natural gas; Raw materials; Reviews; Silica; siloxane sources; Sludge; Sulfur; Technology; Turbines; Upgrading; volatile methylsiloxanes; Water treatment
• ISSN: 1996-1073; 1996-1073
• DOI: 10.3390/en13226088

Biogas, a product of anaerobic digestion process that consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide is a suitable alternative fuel if unwanted impurities are removed as they have a negative impact on the equipment. The most significant technologically troublesome trace compounds that must be removed are siloxanes since they are converted into silica on gas surface engines and turbines resulting in equipment damage. The quality of the gas is certainly improved by reducing the amount of impurities and the end use determines the extent of biogas cleaning needed. The major aim of this study was to compile information that can assist researchers or even designers in selecting a suitable technology to remove siloxanes. Siloxane removal definitely can be achieved using different methods and the effectiveness of each method relies on careful consideration of the characteristics of both biogas and siloxane, as well as the technological aspects of the method. Herein, we review on different cleaning techniques for siloxanes in raw biogas, the negative effects they have, their levels and technologies to reduce their concentrations. This review also incorporates the sources of the siloxanes, the progress to date on their removal and possible ways of regenerating adsorbents. The reviewed literature suggests that biogas upgrading technology should be promoted and encouraged especially in siloxane removal as it has detrimental effects on engines. The parameters and effectiveness of adsorption processes are discussed, and individual adsorbents are compared.