Prediction Models of ≥2 MeV Electron Daily Fluences for 3 Days at GEO Orbit Using a Long Short-Term Memory Network

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 10; p. 2538
• Main Authors: Sun, Xiaojing, Lin, Ruilin, Liu, Siqing, Luo, Bingxian, Shi, Liqin, Zhong, Qiuzhen, Luo, Xi, Gong, Jiancun, Li, Ming
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.05.2023
• Subjects: 2 MeV electron daily fluences; Analysis; Artificial intelligence; Artificial satellites; Computational linguistics; Deep learning; Electrons; geostationary orbit; Geosynchronous orbits; Language processing; Long short-term memory; LSTM; Machine learning; Magnetic fields; Mathematical models; Natural language interfaces; Neural networks; Parameters; prediction model of high-energy electron; Prediction models; Radiation; Radiation belts; Ratios; Remote sensing; Satellites; Solar cycle; Sun; Sunspots; Support vector machines; Synchronous satellites; Weather; Canada; China
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs15102538

Geostationary satellites are exposed to harsh space weather conditions, including ≥2 MeV electrons from the Earth’s radiation belts. To predict ≥2 MeV electron daily fluences at 75°W and 135°W at geostationary orbit for the following three days, long short-term memory (LSTM) network models have been developed using various parameter combinations. Based on the prediction efficiency (PE) values, the most suitable time step of inputs and best combinations of two or three input parameters of models for predictions are recommended. The highest PE values for the following three days with three input parameters were 0.801, 0.658 and 0.523 for 75°W from 1995 to August 2010, and 0.819, 0.643 and 0.508 for 135°W from 1999 to 2010. Based on yearly PE values, the performances of the above models show the solar cycle dependence. The yearly PE values are significantly inversely correlated with the sunspot number, and they vary from 0.606 to 0.859 in predicting the following day at 75°W from 1995 to 2010. We have proven that the poor yearly PE is related to relativistic electron enhancement events, and the first day of events is the most difficult to predict. Compared with previous models, our models are comparable to the top performances of previous models for the first day, and significantly improve the performance for second and third days.