Adversarial Robustness of Deep Learning-Based Malware Detectors via (De)Randomized Smoothing

• Published in: IEEE access Vol. 12; pp. 61152 - 61162
• Main Authors: Gibert, Daniel, Zizzo, Giulio, Le, Quan, Planes, Jordi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 2024; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: (de)randomized smoothing; Adversarial defense; Classification; Classifiers; Computer vision; Deep learning; Detectors; evasion attacks; Feature extraction; Machine learning; Malware; malware detection; Payloads; Random noise; Robustness; Sensors; Smoothing; Smoothing methods; Training
• ISSN: 2169-3536; 2169-3536
• DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3392391

Deep learning-based malware detectors have been shown to be susceptible to adversarial malware examples, i.e. malware examples that have been deliberately manipulated in order to avoid detection. In light of the vulnerability of deep learning detectors to subtle input file modifications, we propose a practical defense against adversarial malware examples inspired by (de)randomized smoothing. In this work, we reduce the chances of sampling adversarial content injected by malware authors by selecting correlated subsets of bytes, rather than using Gaussian noise to randomize inputs like in the Computer Vision domain. During training, our chunk-based smoothing scheme trains a base classifier to make classifications on a subset of contiguous bytes or chunk of bytes. At test time, a large number of chunks are then classified by a base classifier and the consensus among these classifications is then reported as the final prediction. We propose two strategies to determine the location of the chunks used for classification: 1) randomly selecting the locations of the chunks and 2) selecting contiguous adjacent chunks. To showcase the effectiveness of our approach, we have trained two classifiers with our chunk-based smoothing schemes on the BODMAS dataset. Our findings reveal that the chunk-based smoothing classifiers exhibit greater resilience against adversarial malware examples generated with state-of-the-art evasion attacks, outperforming a non-smoothed classifier and a randomized smoothing-based classifier by a great margin.