Fabrication, Structure Characterization, and Performance Testing of Piezoelectret-Film Sensors for Recording Body Motion

During muscle contractions, radial-force distributions are generated on muscle surfaces due to muscle-volume changes, from which the corresponding body motions can be recorded by means of so-called force myography (FMG). Piezo-or ferroelectrets are flexible piezoelectric materials with attractive ma...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inIEEE sensors journal Vol. 18; no. 1; pp. 401 - 412
Main Authors Fang, Peng, Ma, Xingchen, Li, Xiangxin, Qiu, Xunlin, Gerhard, Reimund, Zhang, Xiaoqing, Li, Guanglin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published New York IEEE 01.01.2018
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects
Accelerometers
Artificial neural networks
Biomedical engineering
Biomedical materials
Discriminant analysis
Dynamics
Electrodes
film sensor
Force
Forcemyography
Motion perception
motion registration
Muscles
Neural networks
piezoelectret
Piezoelectricity
Polypropylene
Recording
Sensors
Structural analysis
wearable
Wearable technology
Wrist
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract During muscle contractions, radial-force distributions are generated on muscle surfaces due to muscle-volume changes, from which the corresponding body motions can be recorded by means of so-called force myography (FMG). Piezo-or ferroelectrets are flexible piezoelectric materials with attractive materials and sensing properties. In addition to several other applications, they are suitable for detecting force variations by means of wearable devices. In this paper, we prepared piezoelectrets from cellular polypropylene films by optimizing the fabrication procedures, and developed an FMG-recording system based on piezoelectret sensors. Different hand and wrist movements were successfully detected on able-bodied subjects with the FMG system. The FMG patterns were evaluated and identified by means of linear discriminant analysis and artificial neural network algorithms, and average motion-classification accuracies of 96.1% and 94.8%, respectively, were obtained. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using piezoelectret-film sensors for FMG and may thus lead to alternative methods for detecting body motion and to related applications, e.g., in biomedical engineering or structural-health monitoring.
AbstractList During muscle contractions, radial-force distributions are generated on muscle surfaces due to muscle-volume changes, from which the corresponding body motions can be recorded by means of so-called force myography (FMG). Piezo-or ferroelectrets are flexible piezoelectric materials with attractive materials and sensing properties. In addition to several other applications, they are suitable for detecting force variations by means of wearable devices. In this paper, we prepared piezoelectrets from cellular polypropylene films by optimizing the fabrication procedures, and developed an FMG-recording system based on piezoelectret sensors. Different hand and wrist movements were successfully detected on able-bodied subjects with the FMG system. The FMG patterns were evaluated and identified by means of linear discriminant analysis and artificial neural network algorithms, and average motion-classification accuracies of 96.1% and 94.8%, respectively, were obtained. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using piezoelectret-film sensors for FMG and may thus lead to alternative methods for detecting body motion and to related applications, e.g., in biomedical engineering or structural-health monitoring.
Author Fang, Peng
Zhang, Xiaoqing
Gerhard, Reimund
Li, Xiangxin
Ma, Xingchen
Qiu, Xunlin
Li, Guanglin
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Peng
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9070-9069
  surname: Fang
  fullname: Fang, Peng
  email: gl.li@siat.ac.cn
  organization: CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Xingchen
  surname: Ma
  fullname: Ma, Xingchen
  organization: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Xiangxin
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Xiangxin
  organization: CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Xunlin
  surname: Qiu
  fullname: Qiu, Xunlin
  organization: Faculty of Science, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Reimund
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1306-2249
  surname: Gerhard
  fullname: Gerhard, Reimund
  organization: Faculty of Science, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Xiaoqing
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9498-5709
  surname: Zhang
  fullname: Zhang, Xiaoqing
  email: x.zhang@tongji.edu.cn
  organization: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Guanglin
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9016-2617
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Guanglin
  email: gl.li@siat.ac.cn
  organization: CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
BookMark eNp9kF1LwzAUhoMoqNMfIN4EvLUzadomvdSx-cHU4SZ4V9LkVCNdo6cZqL_e1g0vvPAQOIE870ny7JPtxjdAyBFnQ85ZfnYzH98NY8blMJZZV2KL7PE0VRGXidru94JFiZBPu2S_bV8Z47lM5R75mOgSndHB-eaUzgOuTFgh0NGLRm0CoPvanOnG0hlg5XGpGwN0AW1wzTP1FZ05-PJQgwkIIZq4eknn0LQeW9rh9AGMR9uzF95-0lvfDzwgO5WuWzjc9AF5nIwXo6toen95PTqfRkakeYissEyVOgMJKmcatII4UWWVgbGVzcrMZkLFiTaJNDFXoBmIGHQqTKZLVloxICfruW_o31fdm4tXv8Kmu7LoFCSJiKWQHSXXlEHftghVYVz4-XhA7eqCs6LXXPSai15zsdHcJfmf5Bu6pcbPfzPH64wDgF9eMZWKbn0D09qNzA
CODEN ISJEAZ
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2021_3094845
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2020_01_035
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_xcrp_2023_101388
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nanoen_2019_104033
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3388044
crossref_primary_10_3390_s19204557
crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_665X_ab1dfe
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2019_2933356
crossref_primary_10_3390_bios12070516
crossref_primary_10_1002_adma_202400657
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSRE_2025_3543649
crossref_primary_10_3390_automation3010007
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2019_12_033
crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6528_ac6812
crossref_primary_10_1088_1757_899X_881_1_012125
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsami_4c13772
crossref_primary_10_1109_THMS_2023_3287594
crossref_primary_10_1002_adma_202405308
crossref_primary_10_3934_matersci_2018_5_845
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apmt_2024_102096
crossref_primary_10_1109_TBME_2021_3098567
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_iecr_3c00089
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23042139
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2019_11_076
crossref_primary_10_1002_pen_26158
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2019_05_040
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2NA00866A
crossref_primary_10_1049_nde2_12055
crossref_primary_10_3390_s19112432
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12274_022_4766_8
crossref_primary_10_1002_pat_4453
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2022_3186915
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2022_3225723
crossref_primary_10_1142_S2010135X23410096
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matpr_2022_06_203
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2024_116283
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_783539
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma16113946
crossref_primary_10_1109_LSENS_2024_3417278
crossref_primary_10_3390_s20174775
Cites_doi 10.1007/978-3-319-31530-0_21
10.1016/j.sna.2015.09.027
10.1063/1.4821647
10.1016/j.bspc.2007.07.009
10.1063/1.1781388
10.1063/1.1688068
10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.01.002
10.1177/1545968311425908
10.1063/1.3159039
10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.03.005
10.1063/1.2841037
10.1063/1.2738365
10.1515/epoly.2008.8.1.487
10.1016/j.elstat.2006.07.006
10.1063/1.2335838
10.1002/adfm.200600162
10.1109/TDEI.2006.247820
10.1682/JRRD.2010.09.0177
10.1016/j.eswa.2012.01.102
10.1007/s10934-006-9015-0
10.1109/TDEI.2015.7116322
10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2278411
10.1017/S0263574704001298
10.1109/TDEI.2011.5704490
10.1002/mame.201300161
10.1109/TSMCA.2011.2116004
10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2563222
10.1088/0957-0233/23/3/035604
10.1186/1743-0003-9-21
10.1109/TBME.2011.2177662
10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.025
10.1007/s00339-010-6008-2
10.1088/0022-3727/37/4/013
10.1007/978-3-319-31530-0_25
10.1109/ICD.2016.7547593
10.1016/S1672-6529(11)60095-4
10.1109/ISE.2002.1042976
10.1063/1.2819090
10.1007/s00339-012-6848-z
10.1002/adfm.201501695
10.1109/TNSRE.2015.2453274
10.1063/1.4971259
10.1109/TDEI.2003.1237333
10.1109/JSEN.2016.2613876
10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.03.016
10.1186/1743-0003-11-2
10.1007/s00779-005-0033-8
10.1682/JRRD.2007.11.0187
10.1063/1.1445284
10.1109/JSEN.2008.917483
10.1109/TDEI.2004.1266319
10.1002/adv.21686
10.1109/TDEI.2010.5539670
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2018
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2018
DBID 97E
RIA
RIE
AAYXX
CITATION
7SP
7U5
8FD
L7M
DOI 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2766663
DatabaseName IEEE Xplore (IEEE)
IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present
IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
CrossRef
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts
Technology Research Database
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts
Technology Research Database
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList
Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RIE
  name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Geography
Engineering
EISSN 1558-1748
EndPage 412
ExternalDocumentID 10_1109_JSEN_2017_2766663
8085385
Genre orig-research
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: National Natural Science Foundation of China
  grantid: 91420301; 11374232
  funderid: 10.13039/501100001809
– fundername: Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangdong Province, China
  grantid: 2014A030306029
– fundername: Shenzhen Technology Development
  grantid: CXZZ20150505093829781
– fundername: Special Support Program for Eminent Professionals of Guangdong Province, China
  grantid: 2015TQ01C399
GroupedDBID -~X
0R~
29I
4.4
5GY
6IK
97E
AAJGR
AARMG
AASAJ
AAWTH
ABAZT
ABQJQ
ABVLG
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACIWK
AENEX
AGQYO
AHBIQ
AJQPL
AKJIK
AKQYR
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ATWAV
BEFXN
BFFAM
BGNUA
BKEBE
BPEOZ
CS3
EBS
EJD
F5P
HZ~
IFIPE
IPLJI
JAVBF
LAI
M43
O9-
OCL
P2P
RIA
RIE
RNS
TWZ
AAYXX
CITATION
RIG
7SP
7U5
8FD
L7M
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-d3d08ba6e7e890aea8e248bf6ecdfd6b6d63824ac47c218ea0e32ea53c6ab0bd3
IEDL.DBID RIE
ISSN 1530-437X
IngestDate Mon Jun 30 10:18:24 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:12:45 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:36:40 EDT 2025
Wed Aug 27 02:29:30 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Language English
License https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c359t-d3d08ba6e7e890aea8e248bf6ecdfd6b6d63824ac47c218ea0e32ea53c6ab0bd3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0002-9070-9069
0000-0002-1306-2249
0000-0001-9498-5709
0000-0001-9016-2617
PQID 1974432737
PQPubID 75733
PageCount 12
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2017_2766663
ieee_primary_8085385
proquest_journals_1974432737
crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_JSEN_2017_2766663
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2018-Jan.1,-1
2018-1-1
20180101
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2018-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2018
  text: 2018-Jan.1,-1
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace New York
PublicationPlace_xml – name: New York
PublicationTitle IEEE sensors journal
PublicationTitleAbbrev JSEN
PublicationYear 2018
Publisher IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml – name: IEEE
– name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References ref13
ref12
ref15
ref14
ref53
ref52
ref55
ref11
ref54
ref10
ref17
ref16
ref19
ref18
tefft (ref46) 2017; 10164
ref50
ref45
ref48
ref47
ref42
ref41
ref44
ref43
ref49
ref8
ref7
ref9
ref4
ref3
ref6
ref5
lekkala (ref26) 1996; 34
ref40
alberto (ref51) 2012; 107
ref35
ref34
ref37
ref36
ref31
ref30
ref33
ref32
ref2
ref1
ref39
ref38
ref24
ref23
ref25
ref20
yi (ref22) 2008; 8
ref21
ref28
ref27
ref29
References_xml – ident: ref20
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-31530-0_21
– ident: ref21
  doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2015.09.027
– ident: ref33
  doi: 10.1063/1.4821647
– ident: ref8
  doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2007.07.009
– ident: ref53
  doi: 10.1063/1.1781388
– ident: ref16
  doi: 10.1063/1.1688068
– ident: ref7
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.01.002
– ident: ref1
  doi: 10.1177/1545968311425908
– ident: ref25
  doi: 10.1063/1.3159039
– ident: ref10
  doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.03.005
– volume: 34
  start-page: 67
  year: 1996
  ident: ref26
  article-title: EMF force sensor-A flexible and sensitive electret film for physiological applications
  publication-title: Med Biol Eng Comput
– ident: ref43
  doi: 10.1063/1.2841037
– ident: ref29
  doi: 10.1063/1.2738365
– ident: ref50
  doi: 10.1515/epoly.2008.8.1.487
– volume: 10164
  start-page: 1016404-1
  year: 2017
  ident: ref46
  article-title: A multiple degree of freedom model of piezoelectret foam in an updated multilayer stack configuration
  publication-title: Proc SPIE
– ident: ref36
  doi: 10.1016/j.elstat.2006.07.006
– ident: ref23
  doi: 10.1063/1.2335838
– ident: ref28
  doi: 10.1002/adfm.200600162
– ident: ref27
  doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2006.247820
– ident: ref42
  doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2010.09.0177
– ident: ref41
  doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2012.01.102
– ident: ref30
  doi: 10.1007/s10934-006-9015-0
– ident: ref54
  doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2015.7116322
– ident: ref9
  doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2278411
– ident: ref12
  doi: 10.1017/S0263574704001298
– ident: ref19
  doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2011.5704490
– ident: ref44
  doi: 10.1002/mame.201300161
– ident: ref6
  doi: 10.1109/TSMCA.2011.2116004
– ident: ref4
  doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2563222
– ident: ref40
  doi: 10.1088/0957-0233/23/3/035604
– ident: ref2
  doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-9-21
– ident: ref11
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2177662
– ident: ref49
  doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.025
– ident: ref31
  doi: 10.1007/s00339-010-6008-2
– ident: ref35
  doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/37/4/013
– ident: ref32
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-31530-0_25
– ident: ref45
  doi: 10.1109/ICD.2016.7547593
– ident: ref14
  doi: 10.1016/S1672-6529(11)60095-4
– ident: ref34
  doi: 10.1109/ISE.2002.1042976
– ident: ref24
  doi: 10.1063/1.2819090
– volume: 107
  start-page: 965
  year: 2012
  ident: ref51
  article-title: Fluoropolymer piezoelectrets with tubular channels: Resonance behavior controlled by channel geometry
  publication-title: Appl Phys A Solids Surf
  doi: 10.1007/s00339-012-6848-z
– ident: ref48
  doi: 10.1002/adfm.201501695
– ident: ref3
  doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2015.2453274
– ident: ref47
  doi: 10.1063/1.4971259
– ident: ref37
  doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2003.1237333
– ident: ref18
  doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2016.2613876
– ident: ref55
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.03.016
– ident: ref15
  doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-2
– ident: ref5
  doi: 10.1007/s00779-005-0033-8
– ident: ref13
  doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2007.11.0187
– ident: ref52
  doi: 10.1063/1.1445284
– volume: 8
  start-page: 384
  year: 2008
  ident: ref22
  article-title: A PVDF-based deformation and motion sensor: Modeling and experiments
  publication-title: IEEE Sensors J
  doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2008.917483
– ident: ref38
  doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2004.1266319
– ident: ref17
  doi: 10.1002/adv.21686
– ident: ref39
  doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2010.5539670
SSID ssj0019757
Score 2.4141703
Snippet During muscle contractions, radial-force distributions are generated on muscle surfaces due to muscle-volume changes, from which the corresponding body motions...
SourceID proquest
crossref
ieee
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 401
SubjectTerms Accelerometers
Artificial neural networks
Biomedical engineering
Biomedical materials
Discriminant analysis
Dynamics
Electrodes
film sensor
Force
Forcemyography
Motion perception
motion registration
Muscles
Neural networks
piezoelectret
Piezoelectricity
Polypropylene
Recording
Sensors
Structural analysis
wearable
Wearable technology
Wrist
Title Fabrication, Structure Characterization, and Performance Testing of Piezoelectret-Film Sensors for Recording Body Motion
URI https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8085385
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1974432737
Volume 18
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1NT9wwEB0BF9pDW6BVtwXkA6eKLCZ2EufYIlYIaRHSgrS3yB-TFkGTatmVyv76jh1vWmiFeouUcWTpjeM3Hs8bgAM0NQrplR8VrxNZa5OYtMCEyMWxzlBzoX1Gd3yRn13L82k2XYPDvhYGEcPlMxz6x5DLd61d-KOyI0X8QKhsHdYpcOtqtfqMQVkEVU9awDyRopjGDOYxL4_OJ6cX_hJXMUwLYuu5eLQHhaYqf_2Jw_Yyeg3j1cS6WyW3w8XcDO3yiWbj_878DbyKPJN97hxjC9aw2YaXf6gPbsNmbID-7WEHfo60mcXju0M2CaKyixmyk17PeRnf6caxy9_VBuzKy3Q0X1lbs8sbXLZdXx2cJ6Obu-9sQlFyO7tnZM66SNfbfmndAxuH_kFv4Xp0enVylsSmDIkVWTlPnHBcGZ1jgarkGrXCVCpT52hd7XKTO1rRqdRWFpboA6GNIkWdCZtrw40T72CjaRt8D6yUShDfcYY7I22aGeJ-1gjrWYRNnR0AX8FU2ahY7htn3FUhcuFl5ZGtPLJVRHYAn_ohPzq5jueMdzxSvWEEaQC7K1-o4oK-r8i_pBTE9YoP_x71EV7Qt1V3OrMLGwQU7hFfmZv94Ki_ACGj6a0
linkProvider IEEE
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3fT9swED4Be2A8sA02UcY2P-xpIsWNncR53BBVx2iF1CL1LfKPC6uAZCqtNPrXz3bc7Kcm3iLlrFj6zrnPvvN3AO9Rlci4U34UtIx4KVWk4gwjSy56MkFJmXQZ3eEoHVzx82ky3YDj9i4MIvriM-y6R5_LN7VeuqOyE2H5ARPJJjyxcT_pNbe12pxBnnldT7uEacRZNg05zB7NT87HZyNXxpV148zy9ZT9FoV8W5W__sU-wPSfwXA9taau5Ka7XKiuXv2h2vjYuT-H3cA0ycfGNV7ABlZ7sPOL_uAebIcW6F8f9uF7X6p5OMA7JmMvK7ucIzltFZ1X4Z2sDLn8ed-ATJxQR3VN6pJcznBVN511cBH1Z7d3ZGz3yfX8nlhz0ux1ne2n2jyQoe8g9BKu-meT00EU2jJEmiX5IjLMUKFkihmKnEqUAmMuVJmiNqVJVWrsmo651DzTlkBYvJHFKBOmU6moMuwVbFV1hQdAci6YZTxGUaO4jhNl2Z9WTDseoWOjO0DXMBU6aJa71hm3hd-70LxwyBYO2SIg24EP7ZBvjWDH_4z3HVKtYQCpA0drXyjCkr4vrH9xzizbyw7_PeodbA8mw4vi4vPoy2t4ar8jmrOaI9iyoOEby14W6q132h91WOz2
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fabrication%2C+Structure+Characterization%2C+and+Performance+Testing+of+Piezoelectret-Film+Sensors+for+Recording+Body+Motion&rft.jtitle=IEEE+sensors+journal&rft.au=Fang%2C+Peng&rft.au=Ma%2C+Xingchen&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiangxin&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Xunlin&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.issn=1530-437X&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=401&rft.epage=412&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FJSEN.2017.2766663&rft.externalDocID=8085385
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1530-437X&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1530-437X&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1530-437X&client=summon