Energy Recovery Maximisation Modelling Subject to Constrained Cooling

• Published in: Energies (Basel) Vol. 17; no. 1; p. 131
• Main Authors: Bester, Johannes Petrus, Van Eldik, Martin, Venter, Philip van Zyl
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.01.2024
• Subjects: air-cooled heat exchanger; Cooling; Efficiency; Electric power production; Energy; Flue gas; Gases; Heat exchangers; Heat recovery systems; heat rejection; Heat transfer; Philosophy; Steel production; Temperature; temperature control; thermal management; transient modelling; waste heat; Netherlands
• ISSN: 1996-1073; 1996-1073
• DOI: 10.3390/en17010131

The primary heat rejection cycle, which is critical for the stability and integrity of the metal production process and equipment, involves the transfer of heat from flue gas to a fluid circulated through a gas-cooler. The rate of heat transfer from the flue gas is influenced by several parameters, including the temperature of the cooling fluid. Heat transfer rates that are too high or too low can negatively impact equipment’s life, emphasising the need for a temperature operational envelope in the cooling fluid prior to entering the gas-cooler. Rejected heat is used for power generation, transferred to the environment, or both. This study examines the impact of control philosophies on both temperature and power generation, while maintaining the exit temperature within the desired range as the highest priority. A more advanced philosophy that combines bypass control with feedforward parameters can maintain temperatures within safe operating limits at all times, while improving the power generation, compared to a typical works approach which is used as a baseline. This study presents a formulation that increased power generation from an average of 6.11 MW for a typical works philosophy to 10.68 MW, while maintaining the temperature within the operating temperature envelope.