The journey of becoming a congenital heart surgeon: Too long, too costly, too unpredictable

• Published in: The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery Vol. 167; no. 1; pp. 312 - 321.e4
• Main Authors: Fraser, Jr, Charles D, Mikulski, Matthew F, Venardos, Neil M, Mery, Carlos M, Well, Andrew
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.01.2024
• Subjects: Accreditation; Adult; Child; Education, Medical, Graduate; Employment; Fellowships and Scholarships; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Internship and Residency; Middle Aged; Surgeons; Surveys and Questionnaires; congenital heart surgery training; education; training variability; financial burden
• ISSN: 0022-5223; 1097-685X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.05.046

The pathway to become a congenital heart surgeon (CHS) is challenging and unpredictable. Previous voluntary manpower surveys have shed partial light on this problem but have not included all trainees. We believe that this arduous journey merits more attention. To examine the real-life challenges of recent participants in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited CHS training programs, we conducted phone interviews with all graduates of approved programs from 2021 to 2022. This institutional review board approved survey focused on issues including preparation, length of training, debt burden, and employment. All 22 (100%) graduates during the study period were interviewed. Age at fellowship completion was a median 37 years (range, 33-45 years). Pathways to fellowship included traditional general surgery with adult cardiac (43%), abbreviated general surgery ("4 + 3," 19%) and integrated-6 (38%). Time spent on any pediatric related rotation before CHS fellowship was a median 4 months (range, 1-10 months). During CHS fellowship, graduates reported medians of 100 (range, 75-170) total cases and 8 (range, 0-25) neonatal cases as the primary surgeon. Debt burden at completion was a median of $179,000 (range, $0-$550,000). Maximal financial compensation during training before and during CHS fellowship were medians of $65,000 (range, $50,000-$100,000) and $80,000 (range, $65,000-$165,000), respectively. Six (27.3%) are currently in roles in which they cannot practice independently (5 [22.7%] faculty instructors, 1 [4.5%] CHS clinical fellowship). Median salary in first job is $450,000 (range, $80,000-$700,000). Graduates of CHS fellowships are old, and training is highly variable. Aptitude screening and pediatric-focused preparation are minimal. Debt burden is onerous. Further attention to refining training paradigms and compensation are justified.