Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000-2010

The term ‘club drug’ can be loosely defined as any substance used to enhance social settings. Such drugs are commonly found at raves or similar all‐night dance parties and include methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine (KET), and flunitrazepam (FLU)...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inBiomedical chromatography Vol. 25; no. 1-2; pp. 300 - 321
Main Authors Brown, Stacy D., Melton, Tyler C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.01.2011
Subjects
Body Fluids - chemistry
Chromatography, Liquid - methods
Chromatography, Liquid - trends
club drugs
Designer Drugs - analysis
flunitrazepam
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - methods
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - trends
GHB
Humans
ketamine
MDMA
methamphetamine
Solid Phase Extraction
Street Drugs - analysis
Substance Abuse Detection - methods
Substance Abuse Detection - trends
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

More Information
Summary:The term ‘club drug’ can be loosely defined as any substance used to enhance social settings. Such drugs are commonly found at raves or similar all‐night dance parties and include methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine (KET), and flunitrazepam (FLU). These drugs have potentially dangerous side effects including hallucinations, paranoia, amnesia and hyperthermia. In addition, GHB, KET and FLU are considered predatory drugs due to their roles in drug‐facilitated sexual assault. Forensic and regulatory agencies routinely have the need for determination and accurate quantification of these drugs in biological fluids, especially in cases of mortality or criminal investigations. This review presents the chromatographic and spectroscopic methods published for such analyses over the last decade, including sample preparation techniques and validation data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bibliography:ark:/67375/WNG-N50C8ZQ6-S
ArticleID:BMC1549
istex:96C38C0FF2E1CFC7CC539E61ACD517D9125518F1
(R)‐MTPCI, enantiomerically pure Mosher's reagent; 4‐CB, 4‐carbethoxyhexafluorobutyl chloride; 7‐AFLU, 7‐aminoflunitrazepam; ACN, acetonitrile; ALP, alprazolam; AMP, amphetamine; APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; APPI, atmospheric pressure photoionization; ATS, amphetamine‐type substances; BD, 1,4‐butanediol; BSTFA, N,O‐bis‐(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide; BUP, buprenorphine; BZD, benzodiazepine; CE, capillary electropohresis; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis; DAD, diode array detection; DBD‐F, 4‐(N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl)‐7‐fluoro‐1,2,3‐benzoxadiazole; DEA, Drug Enforcement Administration; DED, dual electrode detection; DFSA, drug‐facilitated sexual assault; DIB‐Cl, 4‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)‐benzoyl chloride; DLLM, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; DOA, drugs of abuse; EG, ethylene glycol; EI, electron ionization; ESI, electrospray ionization; FA, formic acid; FD, fluorescence detection; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; FID, flame ionization detector; FLEC, (−)‐1‐(9‐fluorenyl) ethylchloroformate; FLU, flunitrazepam; FMOC, 9‐fluoroenylmethyl chloroformate; GA, glycolic acid; GABA, gamma‐aminobutyric acid; GBL, gamma‐butyrolactone; GHB, gamma‐hydroxybutyrate; GHV, gamma‐hydroxyvalerate; HCF, hexylchloroformate; HFBAA, heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride; HFBCl, heptafluorobutyric chloride; HFBPC, heptafluorobutrylpropyl chloride; HF‐LPME, hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HMDS, hexamethyldisilazane; HS, headspace; IC, ion chromatography; IMS, ion mobility spectroscopy; KET, ketamine; LA, lactic acid; LC, liquid chromatography; LLE, liquid–liquid extraction; MA, methamphetamine; MAE, microwave assisted extraction; MBTFA, N‐methyl‐bis(trifluoroacetamide); MDA, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine; MDEA, 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethylamphetamine; MDMA, 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MEKC, micellar electrokinetic chromatography; MISPE, molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction; MPE, micropulverized extraction; MSTFA, N‐methyl‐N‐trimethylsilyl‐trifluoroacetamide; MTBE, metyl tert‐butyl ether; MTBSTFA, N‐methyl‐N‐(tertbutyl‐dimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide; NACE, non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis; NCI, negative chemical ionization; N‐DMF, N‐desmethyl flunitrazepam; NIT, nitrazepam; NOR, norketamine; NPD, nitrogen phosphorus detection; NR, not reported; OPS, opiates; PCB, psilocybin; PCI, positive chemical ionization; PCP, phencyclidine; PDHID, pulsed discharge helium ionization detector; PFBC, pentafluorobenzyl chloride; PFBF, pentafluorobenzyl fluoride; PFOC, perfluorooctanoyl chloride; PFP, pentafluoropropanol; PFPA, pentafluoropropionic anhydride; POCL, peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence; PP, protein precipitation; pSi LDI, porous silicone assisted laser desorption ionization; SACI, surface‐activated chemical ionization; SME, solvent microextraction; SPDE, solid‐phase dynamic extraction; SPE, solid‐phase extraction; SPME, solid‐phase microextraction; TBDMS, tert‐butyl dimethyl chlorosilane; TFAA, trifluoroacetic anhydride; TFAPC, trifluoroacetyl‐propyl chloride; THC, tetrahydrocannabinol; TIS, TurboIon Spray; TMCS, trimethylchlorosilane; TOF, time of flight.
Abbreviations used
ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
content type line 23
ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:0269-3879
1099-0801
DOI:10.1002/bmc.1549