Reinforced Imitation: Sample Efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mapless Navigation by Leveraging Prior Demonstrations

• Published in: IEEE robotics and automation letters Vol. 3; no. 4; pp. 4423 - 4430
• Main Authors: Pfeiffer, Mark, Shukla, Samarth, Turchetta, Matteo, Cadena, Cesar, Krause, Andreas, Siegwart, Roland, Nieto, Juan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 01.10.2018; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Collision avoidance; Computer simulation; deep reinforcement learning; end-to-end planning; Machine learning; Navigation; Neural networks; Planning; Robots; Task analysis; Training
• ISSN: 2377-3766; 2377-3766
• DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2018.2869644

This letter presents a case study of a learning-based approach for target-driven mapless navigation. The underlying navigation model is an end-to-end neural network, which is trained using a combination of expert demonstrations, imitation learning (IL) and reinforcement learning (RL). While RL and IL suffer from a large sample complexity and the distribution mismatch problem, respectively, we show that leveraging prior expert demonstrations for pretraining can reduce the training time to reach at least the same level of the performance compared to plain RL by a factor of 5. We present a thorough evaluation of different combinations of expert demonstrations, different RL algorithms, and reward functions, both in simulation and on a real robotic platform. Our results show that the final model outperforms both standalone approaches in the amount of successful navigation tasks. In addition, the RL reward function can be significantly simplified when using pretraining, e.g., by using a sparse reward only. The learned navigation policy is able to generalize to unseen and real-world environments.