The Irrelevance of In Vitro Dissolution in Setting Product Specifications for Drugs Like Dextromethorphan That are Subject to Lysosomal Trapping

• Published in: Journal of pharmaceutical sciences Vol. 108; no. 1; pp. 268 - 278
• Main Authors: Bolger, Michael B., Macwan, Joyce S., Sarfraz, Muhammad, Almukainzi, May, Löbenberg, Raimar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.01.2019
• Subjects: absorption; Absorption, Physiological; Area Under Curve; bioequivalence; Caco-2 Cells; computational ADME; Computer Simulation; CYP enzymes; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A - genetics; Dextromethorphan - blood; Dextromethorphan - chemistry; dissolution rate; Enterocytes - metabolism; genetic polymorphisms; Humans; Lysosomes - metabolism; Metabolic Clearance Rate - genetics; metabolism; metabolite kinetics; Models, Biological; Permeability; pharmacokinetics; Polymorphism, Genetic; Solubility; Therapeutic Equivalency; AAFE; DXO-O-glucuronide; Km; BE; PEAR; AUC(0-inf); IVIVC; Kp; Vdss; IVIVE; CYP enzymes; LogP; PBPK; metabolite kinetics; ACAT; Fuent; AUC; GFR; AUC(0-t); pharmacokinetics; NMDA; CYP; Fa; Cp-time; bioequivalence; Fup; Cmax; Fg; Rbp; Fh; GI; absorption; ATPase; Vmax; computational ADME; EM; IR; genetic polymorphisms; Peff; dissolution rate; Papp; DEX; CAT; Tmax; metabolism; DXO; PK; PM
• ISSN: 0022-3549; 1520-6017; 1520-6017
• DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.036

The purpose of the present study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for dextromethorphan (DEX) and its metabolites in extensive and poor metabolizers. The model was used to study the influence of dissolution rates on the sensitivity of maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration-time curve for immediate release formulations. Simulation of in vitro cellular transwell permeability was used to confirm lysosomal trapping. GastroPlus™ was used to build a mechanistic absorption and physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of DEX. The model simulations were conducted with and without lysosomal trapping. The simulated results matched well with observed data only when lysosomal trapping was included. The model shows that DEX is rapidly absorbed into the enterocytes, but DEX and its metabolites only appear slowly in the portal vein and plasma, presumably due to lysosomal trapping. For this class of drug, the rate of in vitro and in vivo dissolution is not a sensitive factor in determining bioequivalence. This study shows that dissolution and the rate of absorption into the enterocytes are clinically irrelevant for the performance of DEX immediate release product. An understanding of the entire underlying mechanistic processes of drug disposition is needed to define clinically relevant product specifications for DEX.