Population-level norm values by EQ-5D-3L in Hungary - a comparison of survey results from 2022 with those from 2000

• Published in: Quality of life research Vol. 33; no. 9; pp. 2417 - 2428
• Main Authors: Inotai, András, Nagy, Dávid, Kaló, Zoltán, Vokó, Zoltán
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.09.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Status; Humans; Hungary; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Middle age; Middle Aged; Norms; Public Health; Quality of Life; Quality of Life Research; Reference Values; Sociology; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult; Hungary; United Kingdom > UK; Health-related quality of life; EQ-5D; Population survey; Value set; EuroQoL; Adolescent
• ISSN: 0962-9343; 1573-2649; 1573-2649
• DOI: 10.1007/s11136-024-03699-9

Purpose Although population norms of the EQ-5D-3L instrument had been available in Hungary since 2000, their evaluation was based on a United Kingdom (UK) value set. Our objective was to estimate the population norms for EQ-5D-3L by using the new Hungarian value set available since 2020, to extend the scope to adolescents, and to compare with norms from 2000. Methods A cross sectional EQ-5D-3L survey representative of the Hungarian population was conducted in 2022. The EQ-5D-3L dimensional responses were analyzed by age and sex and compared with the survey from 2000, by estimating population frequencies with their 95% confidence intervals; index values were evaluated by both value sets. Results Altogether, 11,910 respondents, aged 12 or more (578 between 12 and 17), completed the EQ-5D-3L. There was a notable improvement in reporting problems for both sexes (age 35–64) regarding the pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression compared to 2000. Below the age 44, both sexes had an EQ-5D-3L index plateau of 0.98, while above the age 55, men tended to have numerically higher index values compared to women, with the difference increasing with older age. Improvement in dimensional responses were also translated to numerically higher index values for both sexes between ages 18 and 74 compared to 2000. Multivariate regression analysis showed that higher educational attainment, lower age, larger household size, and active occupational status were associated with higher index values. Conclusion Over the past 22 years, there was a large improvement in HRQoL of the middle-aged to elderly men and women in Hungary. Plain English Summary Health states can be described by a combination of statements of health-related quality of life measures. ‘Value sets’ are numerical expressions of how preferred a health state is. The provision of population-level health-related quality of life estimates (also known as ‘population norms’) are expected to improve the precision of patient-level clinical decision making, and health economic and public health studies. However, preference towards these health states is influenced by culture, resulting in differences across populations. While responses for the EQ-5D-3L instrument for adults have been available in Hungary since 2000, the evaluation of these responses was based on a ‘value set’ from the United Kingdom, rather than a Hungarian one. This research, utilizing the newly introduced Hungarian ‘value set’ (available since 2020) for the EQ-5D-3L instrument, offers a larger sample size, inclusion of adolescents and potentially improved sampling compared to the prior research conducted in 2000. Comparison of the two surveys allows us to estimate changes in both dimensional responses and overall health-related quality of life of the population over a 20-year time horizon, while we also compare the impact of different ‘value sets’ on health-related quality of life assessment. A large EQ-5D-3L improvement was observed in middle-aged-to-elderly people.