Autoimmunity and B-cell dyscrasia in acute and chronic Q fever: A review of the literature

• Published in: European journal of internal medicine Vol. 54; pp. 6 - 12
• Main Authors: Jansen, Anne F.M., Raijmakers, Ruud P.H., Keijmel, Stephan P., van der Molen, Renate G., Vervoort, Gerald M., van der Meer, Jos W.M., van Deuren, Marcel, Bleeker-Rovers, Chantal P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.08.2018
• Subjects: Acute Q fever; Antibodies - blood; Autoimmunity; B-Lymphocytes - immunology; Chronic Q fever; Coxiella burnetii; Cryoglobulinaemia; Cryoglobulinemia - complications; Cryoglobulinemia - microbiology; Endocarditis, Bacterial - complications; Endocarditis, Bacterial - epidemiology; Humans; Immunological manifestations; Q Fever - complications; Q Fever - immunology; Autoimmunity; Immunological manifestations; Cryoglobulinaemia; anti-GBM; aCL; PCA; Acute Q fever; GPLU; ANA; ANCA; CMA; ASMA; Chronic Q fever; MGUS; Coxiella burnetii
• ISSN: 0953-6205; 1879-0828
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.06.007

Q fever infection can lead to chronic Q fever, a potentially lethal disease occurring in 1–5% of patients infected with Coxiella burnetii, characterized by the persistence of this intracellular bacterium. It usually presents as endocarditis, infected vascular aneurysms, or infected vascular prostheses. This systematic review of the literature discusses the various autoimmune syndromes and B-cell dyscrasias in acute and chronic Q fever patients, that may interfere with or impede recognition and diagnosis of Q fever. Reportedly, high concentrations of anti-cardiolipin antibodies may be found in acute Q fever patients, while specifically cardiac muscle antibodies have been reported during chronic Q fever. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome are the most frequently reported autoimmune syndromes, followed by neuromuscular disorders and vasculitis. B-cell dyscrasia, mostly cryoglobulinaemia, is predominantly described in chronic Q fever patients with endocarditis. We conclude that immunological (epi)phenomena are not rare during Q fever and may obscure the infectious etiology of the disease. •Q fever may be accompanied by immunological epiphenomena.•Autoantibodies are prevalent in about half of acute and chronic Q fever infections.•The most reported autoimmune disease with Q fever is antiphospholipid syndrome.•Cryoglobulinaemia has been described in chronic Q fever patients.•Immunological epiphenomena may obscure the infectious etiology of the disease.